Module 3 Quiz

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Question #1

In order to use the known groups paradigm to establish criterion validity, which of the following is necessary?

A At least three groups must be used.

B After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

C The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

D Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated.

Question #2

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.
Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. Which of the following options below could he also do to get evidence for criterion validity?

A give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings

B give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

C correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

D ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid

Question #3

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.
Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield’s measure has evidence of which of the following?

A content validity

B convergent validity

C discriminant validity

D criterion validity

Question #4

Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong?

A The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter.

B Correlations are not used to examine validity.

C Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.

D Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity.

Question #5

Establishing construct validity is most important for which of the following?

A physical measurements (e.g., length)

B a behavior that is directly observable

C a concrete construct

D an abstract concept

Question #6

When your scale does not correlate with other, unrelated procedures or scales, it has ________ validity.

A criterion

B convergent

C face

D discriminant

Question #7

For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward teaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement?

A observational measurement

B archival measurement

C self-report measurement

D physiological measurement

Question #8

A correlation coefficient and a scatterplot both provide which of the following pieces of information?

A the validity and reliability of two measurements

B the outliers present in the two measurements

C the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements

D the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

Question #9

Which types of reliability can be analyzed with scatterplots?

A internal reliability and interrater reliability

B all types of reliability

C internal reliability and test-retest reliability

D interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

Question #10

RESEARCH STUDY 5.2: Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete.
Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the ________ of Dr. Sheffield’s measure.

A convergent validity

B predictive validity

C discriminant validity

D content validity

Question #11

A operationalization

B validity

C conceptualization

D reliability

Question #12

Dr. Leising conducts observational studies of adolescents interacting with peers during problem-solving tasks. She records each 30-minute interaction and then has the students in her laboratory code prosocial behaviors in the adolescents as they view each video. Because she has several students coding the videos, she calculates how reliable their scores are with each other by having them all code the same videos periodically. Which type of reliability is Dr. Leising calculating?

A test-retest reliability

B interrater reliability

C internal consistency

D internal reliability

Question #13

Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, “Tests like the GRE don’t really measure how well people actually do in graduate school.” Dominic is questioning the ________ of the test.

A convergent validity

B discriminant validity

C content validity

D criterion validity

Question #14

“A strong relationship was found. Children with more positive relationships with their parents had higher academic performance than children with less positive relationships with their parents.” From this information, you know that the r in the study was closest to

A -.10

B +.10

C -.50

D + .50

Question #15

Which type of measure operationalizes a variable by recording the answers of a participant using a questionnaire?

A physiological measure

B observational measure

C self-report measure

D conceptual measure

Question #16

Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception

A A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.

B A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes.

C A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

D A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

Question #17

When obtaining informed consent from a participant, what must the researcher do?

A tell the participants about any deception in the study

B explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

C tell the participant the hypotheses of the study

D explain how scientific fraud will be avoided

Question #18

The issue of obtaining informed consent deals with which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

A the principle of beneficence

B the principle of justice

C the principle of integrity

D the principle of respect for persons

Question #19

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

A a description of the study’s hypotheses

B a statement of risks

C a list of procedures

D a statement of benefits

Question #20

What is the difference between data that is collected anonymously and data that is collected confidentially?

A Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

B Confidential research collects participants’ names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants’ names.

C Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

D Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

Question #21

Which of the following is true of students’ views of deception and harm in research studies?

A Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

B Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.

C Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception.

D Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

Question #22

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?

A Participants were harmed.

B Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

C Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

D Participants were not treated respectfully.

Question #23

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

A a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

B a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

C a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

D a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Question #24

When is it acceptable for a researcher to study participants only from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women?

A if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

B if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women)

C it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

D if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)

Question #25

In Milgram’s (1963) experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking a “learner” in another room each time the learner made an error. What was the main risk to participants in Milgram’s study?

A physical harm

B lack of confidentiality

C scientific fraud

D psychological distress

Question #26

RESEARCH STUDY 4.1: Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test.
Dr. Kushner’s decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?

A the principle of integrity

B the principle of beneficence