If a woman in her late forties wants to have a baby and seeks medical advice, she will likely be advised that she is at greater risk of having a baby with Down syndrome.  

1. True
2. False

Alleles are described as

1. homologous chromosomes
2. environmental factors that affect gene expression
3. alternate versions of a gene
4. alternate versions of phenotypes

Of all the people who have studied inheritance, the person who made the most lasting impression on the science of genetics, often called the “father of genetics” is  

1. Charles Darwin. 
2. Robert Hooke. 
3. Gregor Mendel.
4. King George III. 

If a healthy young couple are both carriers of albinism (a recessive disorder), the chance that each of their future children will inherit this condition is

1. 10%
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 100%

Mendel discovered the phenomenon known as dominance when he

1. first planted his pure strains
2. crossed pollinated his pure strains
3. cross pollinated the offspring
4. Mendel never observed dominance in his studies

When Gregor Mendel conducted his experiments, the first step was to ______________.

1. Perform a test cross
2. determine which trait was dominant
3. find out what chromosome the character was found on
4. Grow pure strains of his plants

A true-breeding plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a true-breeding plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why?

1. The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele
2. The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.
3. All of the offspring are homozygous yellow.
4. The alleles are codominant.

Crossing red flowering snapdragons with white flowering snapdragons yields seeds that grow into snapdragons with pink flowers. This suggests that

1. red flowers are dominant
2. white flowers are dominant
3. pink flowers are dominant
4. incomplete dominance is occurring
5. codominance is occurring

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? 

1. DD
2. Dd
3. dd
4. DI

Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring?

1. AA x aa
2. AA x Aa
3. Aa x Aa
4. aa x aa

The most common allele for any trait is always the dominant allele.  

1. True
2. False

The environment only rarely affects gene expression.  

1. True
2. False

The wide variation in skin color in humans is best explained by  

1. Skin color is influenced by environmental changes like improvements in diet.
2. Skin color is a polygenic trait.
3.  Skin color is influenced by an X-linked gene.
4. Skin color is influenced by crossing over. 

An organism that receives recombinant DNA  

1. has a genetic disease.
2. is a transgenic organism.
3. will develop cancer. 
4. is a new species. 

Suppose that Taylor starts with one double-stranded piece of DNA in a reaction tube. After four rounds of PCR, how many pieces of double-stranded DNA will be in Taylor’s reaction tube?

1. 64
2. 32
3. 16
4. 10

How can stem cells replace faulty cells in the body?  

1. Stem cells can mitotically divide, providing more stem cells to directly replace the faulty cells and their functions. 
2. Stem cells can meiotically divide, providing more stem cells to directly replace the faulty cells and their functions. 
3. Stem cells can be coaxed to differentiate into the needed specific cell type. 
4. Faulty cells can be coaxed to differentiate into stem cells and directly replace the faulty cells and their functions.

Cloning through DNA technology is most similar to  

1.  sexual reproduction.
2. asexual reproduction.
3. meiosis.
4. mate selection. 

  DNA technology is used to 

1. copy DNA. 
2. sequence DNA nucleotides.
3. search for specific sequences of DNA. 
4.  turn genes on and off. 
5. All answers are correct. 

DNA technology can be used to determine how humans are related to other living organisms.

1. True
2. False

Electrophoresis is used in DNA sequencing  

1. to make copies of the DNA fragments.
2. to transfer DNA between organisms.
3. to separate the DNA fragments. 
4. to remove DNA from an organism.

Genetic testing may lead to ethical issues, such as whether results should be used to determine who receives health insurance.  

1. True
2. False

A male expresses an X-linked recessive disorder if he inherits these alleles from his father. 

1. True
2. False

Describe 3 ways that meiosis (and sexual reproduction in general) generates diversity. Be specific and detailed!

Humans possess  _______ pairs of chromosomes.

1. 46
2. 2
3. millions of
4. 23
5. 92
6. 12

Which phase of meiosis involves the alignment of the tetrads to the center of the cell?

1. Prophase I
2. Metaphase II
3. Anaphase I
4. Metaphase I

A ‘karyotype’ is

1. a mutation on a chromosome
2. The collection of chromosomes from a single individual
3. The first step in mitosis
4. None of the above

Which event in meiosis involves the separation of sister chromatids?

1. Telophase I
2. Anaphase I
3. Anaphase II
4. Metaphase I