Applying a consequentialist approach to counterterrorism means:                           

1. Asking whether our policies will render citizens more secure in the long term
2. Not worrying about the consequences
3. Asking whether there will be any consequences to our anti-terrorism policies
4. Accepting the unavoidable consequences of our policies

As a result of activism and the social activism of the late 1960s, many inmates, especially minorities, were provided with a political rhetoric and ideology that radicalized prisons.

1. Judicial
2. Prosecutorial
3. Inmate
4. Celebrity

Employing the _________ as a counterterrorist strategy enabled administration lawyers to differentiate attacks targeting terrorists from banned assassinations and to rationalize such targeting as lawful operations against enemy combatants.                                                              

1. War paradigm
2. Terrorism paradigm
3. Drone paradigm
4. Enemy paradigm

In light of the costs of incarceration, what new class of prisoner has been created?

1. Debtors
2. Property
3. Violent
4. Vice

In many institutions, guards have engaged in corruption of authority. This means that the guards, for a variety of reasons, have:

1. Refrained from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations.
2. Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners.
3. Become members of prison gangs.
4. Begun directly disobeying orders from superiors.

In the prison environment, prison guards are often forced to tolerate minor rule violations, petty stealing, and making concessions to inmate leaders in order to:

1. Maintain power
2. Retain their discretion
3. Treat inmates ethically
4. Gain respect of inmates

In which Supreme Court case did the Court rule that in regards to juvenile offenders, a sentence of life without parole for those convicted of noncapital offenses was a violation of the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment?”                                                             

1. Graham v. Florida
2. Reynolds v. Florida
3. Kenny v. Indiana Youth Center
4. United States v. Shallet

Infotainment is defined as:                                                                     

1. The marketing of edited, highly formatted information about the world in entertainment media vehicles
2. Using entertainment to reenact criminal events
3. The placement of crime stories on television late at night hoping a viewer will be able identify the offender
4. Using the media to report fictitious events so law enforcement can catch the real criminal

Ironically, in a departure from an era of policies of rehabilitation, the get-tough, sanctions of both the Nixon and Reagan Wars on Drugs resulted in such an increase in the national prison population (where there was a disproportionately high number of blacks, Hispanics, and women), that some states turned to:                                                  

1. Treatment programs to reduce jail and prison populations
2. Work release programs to reduce jail and prison populations
3. Sentencing guidelines
4. Three-strikes laws

It is suggested that the worldwide media, in an age of globalization, constitute:

1. A site for the construction of a moral order
2. A monopoly so that news is consistent
3. The primary source of news
4. A responsible path for discussion of moral issues

Mandatory minimum sentences are arguably unethical because they:

1. Result in disproportionately severe sentences
2. Do not reflect the will of the majority
3. Are not applied to all offenders convicted under such statutes
4. Have no incapacitate effect

Many definitions of terrorism exclude state terrorism. State terrorism is terrorism:           

1. Committed by government, sometimes against its own people.
2. Against a state in the United States.
3. By the military against a civilian government.
4. By one part of government against another part of the same government.

Many ethical issues among probation and parole officers arise from:       

1. Their treatment and control functions
2. Their control function
3. Their treatment function
4. Their heavy caseloads

Media accounts that engender moral panics amplify deviance and function as:   

1. Advocacy for greater levels of social control
2. A key profit maker for the media
3. A warning to the public
4. Assistance to law enforcement to make an arrest

Nonabsolutist ___________ would support torture in what are deemed to be catastrophic situations.          

1. Deontologists
2. Relativists
3. Consequentialists
4. Absolutists

Policy making on ethical grounds requires a calculated, philosophical analysis of the morality upon which the policy is based. This is not true for public policy making on:

1. Ideological grounds
2. Cost-benefit grounds
3. Political grounds
4. Due process grounds

Prison guards have a myriad of ways of retaliating against troublesome inmates, short of writing tickets for rule violations. These are termed forms of:

1. Informal control
2. Social control
3. Governmental control
4. Formal control

Public opinion on the new penal sanctions, like three-strikes sentencing laws, indicates that:

1. While they approve of it, they do not believe it should be applied indiscriminately to specific offenders under specific circumstances
2. There is widespread approval of them
3. The public is evenly divided on them
4. There is widespread approval of them

Research reveals that community attitudes toward __________ are more negative than attitudes towards offenders in general.                                                             

1. Sex offenders
2. Murderers
3. Drug offenders
4. Prostitutes

Since the mid-1970s public opinion and public policy on punishment have reflected increasing support for:                                                              

1. Punitiveness
2. Treatment
3. Community-oriented corrections
4. Rehabilitation

Some believe that anti-terrorist activities that lead to operational excesses may nevertheless be morally justified under the principle of double effect, meaning:

1. An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally permissible
2. The activities are only morally impermissible if they produce two effects, both of which are morally impermissible
3. The activities are morally permissible if they produce two effects, so long as one is morally permissible.
4. An unintended but unforeseen morally bad effect of an action can be excused if both the action and the intended effect are morally impermissible

Some oppose the ticking time bomb argument as a justification for torture because:        

1. It is not a realistic scenario
2. It negates the autonomy and dignity of the individual
3. It is not likely to happen as its proponents claim
4. It is a slippery slope, which could expand its use in other circumstances

The association between crime, minorities, and criminal justice policy making is underpinned by a substantial body of research that reveals that:

1. Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are positively correlated with polices favoring punitiveness
2. Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of property and drug crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness
3. Racial and ethnic minorities are responsible for a substantial amount of violent crime therefore creating policies favoring punitiveness
4. Negative racial stereotypes and collective racial resentment are negatively correlated with policies favoring punitiveness

The ebb and flow of the social response to this category of crime continued until the 1980s, when the feminism movement brought increased attention to it, and greater legal restrictions resulted upon those found to have committed this type of crime:                                                                  

1. Sex offenses
2. Homicides
3. Drug crimes
4. Kidnappings

The exercise of by prison officers was not intended as a symbol of their power, but was rather a reflection of their sense of vulnerability.

1. Violence
2. Coercion
3. Empathy
4. sympathy

The legal system is depicted as an obstacle to crime fighting with complex procedures and trials as well as dramatic adversarial contests. In reality, though:

1. Few accused actually go to trial and unexciting plea bargains are the norm
2. The legal system is far more complex
3. The legal system makes it easier to fight crime because prosecutors know how to talk with the media
4. Crime fighting is the complex part of the process

The media has been accused of perpetuating the image of the ideal victim by:     

1. Focusing attention only on victims who meet that standard of victimhood
2. Reporting, on the visual media, pictures of victims
3. Reporting sympathetic stories of victims who have also been charged with crimes
4. Focusing only on the very young and the very old victims

The prison represents a social system in which as attempt is made to create and maintain total or almost total social control.                                                                      

1. Maximum security
2. Medium security
3. Minimum security
4. Supermax

The purposes of the Prison Rape Elimination Act include all of the following except:         

1. Prisons who want to receive federal funding must eliminate prison rape by 85%
2. Devising and implementation of national standards to detect, prevent, reduce, and punish rape
3. Setting a zero-tolerance standard for prison rape
4. Prioritization of the prevention of rape in each prison system

The ticking bomb argument attempts to justify:                                                             

1. Torture during interrogation
2. Restricting rights during criminal processing of terrorist defendants
3. Accidental killing of civilian non-terrorists
4. Invading foreign countries

The War on Drugs strengthened the association between blacks and crime. The truth, however, is that:

1. Whites comprise almost 3/4 of illegal drug users and blacks 13%, a fact not usually incorporated in media accounts
2. The War on Drugs focused on heroin, a drug often used by blacks, a fact not usually in the media
3. Whites comprise almost 1/3 of illegal drug users and blacks almost 2/3, a fact often reported in the media
4. Whites never have been engaged in drugs as much as blacks, a fact often reported in the media

The _______________ principle states that a persons liberty may justifiably be restricted to prevent harm that that persons actions would cause to others.                                                               

1. Do no harm
2. Morality
3. Moral blame
4. Reasonable standard of care

Those professing a belief in authority as well as those favoring legalistic authority agreed that full enforcement of institutional regulations would effectively cause the institution to cease operating because all inmates would be forever locked down for rule violations.                   

1. Personal
2. Legalistic
3. Compliance
4. Rewards

Those who oppose the death penalty respond to the argument of supporters that it is justified by retribution by stating that ________ is sufficiently retributive.             

1. A life sentence
2. The court
3. A criminal conviction
4. The prosecution process

Unethical legislation and policies can sometimes be the result of a moral panic. A moral panic is:

1. An irrational and exaggerated response by the public to a perceived problem
2. When a small group of legislators panic and force through unethical legislation
3. A public over-reaction caused by outdated public morals
4. When an individual legislator or policy maker over-reacts to a problem

When prison guard recruits as a whole were asked to respond to hypothetical dilemmas involving inmates, most approved of a guard acting in a manner toward inmates.

1. Callous
2. Empathetic
3. Sympathetic
4. Retributive

Which country created the Gender Recognition Act that resulted in the issuing of guidelines that mandate an establishment permits prisoners to consider themselves transsexual?

1. United Kingdom
2. Canada
3. United States
4. Australia

Which of the following are reasons for adopting the war paradigm?         

1. All of the other answers
2. It enables the executive branch of government to exercise wide powers under the authority of the president as commander-in-chief
3. It permits the employment of warlike measures concurrently with law enforcement measures
4. It gives the executive the leverage to demand almost any resources in the furtherance of winning the war

Which of the following are the ethical arguments against targeted killing?             

1. All of the other answers
2. Assassination violates U.S. values and principles because it is done in secret and is a display of the exercise of overbearing state power against individuals.
3. Assassination is an immoral act and a form of politically motivated murder outside the bounds of the conventions of war and morality.
4. Targeted killing calls into question the morality of U.S. foreign policy, which stresses human rights and democracy

Which of the following is an inaccurate comment about what is more newsworthy in the media in regards to crime?                                                                      

1. Rape is the most likely crime to be reported
2. Victims who are perpetrated against by a stranger are considered more newsworthy than a victim who knows the perpetrator
3. Crimes against children are considered more newsworthy than crimes against the adults
4. Homicides are considered more newsworthy when the victim is white

Which of the following is not a finding of recent research on prisons and prison guards?  

1. Officer training emphasizes emotional detachment and degrading treatment
2. Guards are increasingly using more excessive force
3. A humane correctional system is impossible given the dominant theory and practice of retribution
4. Prisons have cultures where guards are corrupted and prisoners are denied their humanity

Which of the following is not a norm in the typical informal prison guard code?  

1. Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated
2. Do not lug (smuggle) drugs in to inmates

c Always support fellow officers against inmate claims/allegations            

1. Do not rat (inform on other guards)

Which of the following is not an example of misuse of authority?

1. Theft of new televisions from the prison loading dock
2. Accepting gratuities to protect illicit activity
3. Soliciting a fee from an inmate for finding him a job
4. Extortion through mistreatment or harassment

Which of the following is NOT an unethical manipulation technique that may be used by the media?

1. When a journalist relies on an unsubstantiated argument without noting its weaknesses to produce a desired conclusion
2. Using persuasive interviewing techniques to influence others to disclose material they would normally not disclose
3. When a journalist makes an attempt in hard news to persuade using emotional rhetoric rather than fact
4. Any intentional and successful influence of a person by noncoercively altering the actual choices available to the person or by non-persuasively altering the perceptions by others of those choices.

Which of the following is not one of the results of overcrowding:

1. Additional treatment and re-entry programs
2. The imposition of additional behavioral controls
3. A decrease in treatment programs
4. Increase in recidivism

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the media construction of crime?                  

1. The media construction of crime will define what acts are regarded as criminal
2. The media construction of crime will define what are thought to be the causes of crime
3. The media construction of crime will identify what policies of crime control should be adopted
4. The media construction of crime will reduce the seriousness of the crime

While some argue that whistle-blowing is risky, could lead to retaliation, and should be avoided, there are case studies in which whistle-blowers:

1. Had a positive effect in corrections
2. Resigned before losing their positions
3. Provided inaccurate information, to the detriment of the organization
4. Lost their jobs

With regard to violence in the prison, over time, most inexperienced prison guards:

1. Get used to the violence and accept it.
2. Became more active in trying to protect inmates from violence by other guards.
3. Became more active in trying to protect inmates from other inmates.
4. Are more likely to report excessive violence by other guards.