A common criticism of Aristotle theory is that it is an ethics:                                                                    

1. That fails to take happiness into account.
2. For the ruling classes.
3. Without flexibility for difficult situations.
4. That ignores character issues.

A Theory of Justice by Rawls is specifically intended to provide a clear alternative to:

1. Consequentialist or utilitarian thought
2. Theories of social justice
3. Aristotle theory of justice
4. Plato theory of justice

A virtuous person will ask him or herself:                                                                         

1. How will I be good in this situation?
2. How will this make me happy?
3. What will others say about what I do?
4. What kind of person am I?

According to Aristotle, how do we acquire practical wisdom?                                                    

1. It is gained as a virtue in the developmental process.
2. It is gained through a good upbringing that includes associating with good people and through acting in a good way.
3. We do not acquire it. We must earn it as we identify our virtues and develop our character.
4. It is evident in the Golden Mean.

According to Kant, if we treat others not as ends in themselves, but as means to an end, then we:

1. disregard their humanity
2. will never achieve just ends
3. will best achieve just ends
4. violate the hypothetical imperative

According to Rawls, the government should:

1. Abolish all inequalities.
2. Regulate inequality through fair bargaining processes.
3. Abolish private property.
4. Seek to end all forms of personal discrimination.               

Another criticism of utilitarianism is that, to assume that people are all of equal worth and should to the maximum extent be benefited by any act, would be to:

1. ignore the higher value of family by individuals
2. ignore the limited resources by the government
3. attempt the impossible
4. ignore the underclass of society

As Hill (2000) points out, in Kantian moral theory, strict ________ are conceptually impossible.

1. Deontological issues
2. Moral dilemmas
3. Ethical judgments
4. Utilitarian dilemmas

Both Gilligan (1982) and Noddings (1984) argue that women resort less to _________ than men and are more likely to want concrete rather than abstract reasoning.                                                         

1. Rules and principles
2. Responsibility and duties
3. Love and caring
4. Morals and ethics

Critics of consequentialism or utilitarianism argue that such theories:                     

1. Are inconsistent with the notion that people have rights
2. Provide no guidance for public policy.
3. Do not use empirical evaluations.
4. Fail to consider the effects of behavior.               

Critics point out that psychological egoism cannot be proved because:                   

1. it is not possible to interpret motives at all
2. it is possible to interpret all motives in an egotistical manner
3. it is not possible to interpret motives in an egotistical manner
4. it is not possible to interpret motives in a hedonistic manner

Epicurus stated that the aim of human existence was:                                                                

1. health of the body and tranquility of the mind
2. flourishment of life
3. to fear death
4. avoid the corruption of pleasure

Equality is a mark of _________, and any acts promoting equality are justified, providing they do not worsen the situation of the least advantaged

1. Social justice
2. Ethical justice
3. Moral justice
4. Institutional justice

Feminist critics of Aristotle argue that his notion of virtue:                                                                        

1. Says nothing about male-female relationships.
2. Is from a male perspective only.
3. Allows rape and sexual abuse.
4. Fails to mention equal employment opportunity.

Feminists have criticized male-created theories of ethics on the basis that such theories overemphasize:

1. The individual, impartiality and universality
2. Caring, relationships and consecutiveness
3. Compassion, autonomy and rules
4. Consecutiveness, equality and non-violence”

For Aristotle, in order to answer the question of What ought I to do, one must first answer the question: 

1. What will make me happy?
2. What kind of person should I be?
3. What will others say about what I do?
4. What kind of person am I?

For Kant, motive is essential, and actions possess moral worth only if they are performed in accordance with the ______________ and out of the motive of duty.

1. Categorical imperative
2. Moral imperative
3. Rational imperative
4. Ethical imperative

For Rawls, in order for moral persons to develop moral capabilities like knowing the good and pursuing justice, they must

1. create a society based on fair procedures and conditions
2. create a society based on teleology and deontology
3. create a society based on the good and justice
4. create a society based on respect for persons

For utilitarians, morality is nothing more than:

1. sorting out good and evil intentions
2. an attempt to bring about as much happiness as possible
3. examining motives of actors
4. weighing the cost and benefits of each action

Gilligan and Kohlberg have shown that moral:                                                                

1. Development varies according to gender
2. Rules tend to work against females
3. Dilemmas are solved the same way in spite of gender differences
4. Conceptions for males and females are identical

Held (1987) understands _______________ as central and fundamental to social relationships and argues that morality ought to make room for this social bond. 

1. Mothering
2. Nuclear families
3. Spouses
4. Family

How does the ethic of caring differ from traditional ethics?                                                                      

1. we should respond caringly to those with whom we interact in life
2. the ethics of care regards rules as determinants
3. follows the specific principle of caring for others
4. the ethic of care relies on rules to assess the morality of right or wrong

If a police officer with a distinguished record is found to have given false testimony about a minor fact, such where he states he put a recovered weapon into a police vehicle after arresting an offender when his partner in fact did so, the utilitarian prosecutor considering a perjury prosecution should give great weight to:

1. the officer who gave the testimony
2. the community
3. the offender
4. the police department

In an ethics of care or peacemaking approach to solving ethical dilemmas the first step is to identify the options. The second step is to identify:                                                       

1. The particular virtues served by each option
2. The consequences of each option
3. The particular relationships involved
4. The costs and benefits of each option

In considering public policy about punishment, a utilitarian would argue that punishment is justified if:

1. All of the other answers
2. Those benefits cannot be achieved with less suffering
3. Those benefits cannot be achieved at a lower cost to those who are being punished
4. The pain and suffering to those who are punished is outweighed by the benefits of punishment

In contrast to Act Consequentialism, Rule Consequentialism:

1. Allows use of general rules or principles.
2. Rejects general rules or principles.
3. Focuses on the origin of the rule of behavior.
4. Relies on direction from the King or Ruler.               

An ______ ethics, the imperative is to do what is right, whereas in _____ ethics, the imperative is to be a good person.

1. Virtue; moral
2. Virtue; deontological
3. Deontological; virtue
4. Moral; virtue

It is sometimes suggested that consequentialism is a less than efficient way of living and deliberating on issues because it requires long and complicated ____________ that tend to make a person overly hesitant and ineffectual.                                                               

1. Calculations of utility
2. Calculations of hedonism
3. Calculations of morality
4. Calculations of ethics

Kant assumed that, at least in general, human beings are:

1. Capable of rational behavior and worthy of respect.
2. Incapable of resolving moral dilemmas.
3. Highly emotional and not responsible for acts motivated by emotion.
4. Irrational and in need of strictly enforced and detailed rules of conduct.

Of the two types of people identified by Kant who help others, the first type helps:

1. Without motives of vanity or self-interest
2. For the sake of duty alone
3. For the sake of a categorical imperative
4. All of the other answers

One of the main effects of ______ is that it places the onus for becoming good or bad directly on the individual.                                                                        

1. Stoicism
2. Tradition
3. Virtue
4. Character

One of the most controversial parts of Rawls theory is his treatment of inequality. According to Rawls, all social values, including rights, income and wealth, and the basis of self-respect, are to be distributed equally unless:

1. The inequality benefits only the least advantaged
2. The person can show they have earned these advantages honestly
3. An unequal distribution of these is to the benefit of everyone
4. The inequality is based on inherited wealth

One problem with the theory of Aristotle is that his virtues:                                                                     

1. Are relative to the society or community in which the individual lives.
2. Are never listed.
3. Are not tied in with human happiness.
4. Are not tied in with character.

People with practical wisdom, according to Aristotle, are those who:

1. deliberate about what is good for their life as a whole
2. deliberate about whether others see them as virtuous
3. deliberate about the consequences of their deeds for others
4. deliberate about what to do with their life

Proponents of __________ suspect that altruistic explanations of behavior are superficial and without substance.                                                             

1. Psychological egoism
2. Psychological hedonism
3. Ethical hedonism
4. Ethical egoism

Psychological egoism is a theory which holds that:                                                                       

1. all human behavior is motivated by self-interest.
2. virtue is learned from parents.
3. the unlimited pursuit of pleasure is good for both individuals and society.
4. truly altruistic behavior is natural and commonplace.

Rawls argues that moral people have two traits,

1. A sense of justice and the capacity to pursue the good in a rational manner
2. An appreciation of both deontological and Kantian theories of ethics
3. A sincere concern for both their welfare and the welfare of others
4. A concern for both results and duties

Rawls believes that the two principles of justice that would be chosen by persons in the original position concern:                                                                        

1. maximizing liberties and arranging social and economic inequalities
2. minimizing liberties and maximizing social inequalities
3. maximizing liberties, but minimizing social inequalities
4. maximizing social equalities

Robin West (1997) argues that the criminal justice system must not only seek justice, but must also show:

1. Compassion and care
2. Concern for the rights of female victims
3. Dedication to the doctrine of precedent
4. Concern for the rights of female defendants

Stage three of Kohlberg theory focuses on:                                                                     

1. The child aims to be a good person in his or her own eyes and in the eyes of others where personal relationships are paramount
2. The emphasis is on society and conformity to social rules
3. Individual rights are accepted and reviewed in response to critical discussion
4. Showing a law and order mentality where the child/adult follows authority rules

Stoicism shares the concern of ________ with individual character because it argues that developing the appropriate stoic frame of mind will lead us to virtue.                                                                  

1. Virtue ethics
2. Ethical egoists
3. Hypothetical consequentialism
4. Act consequentialism

Stoics and _____ would agree that one cannot become just or courageous if one behaves in an unjust or cowardly manner.                                               

1. Hedonists
2. Utilitarians
3. Act consequentialists
4. Ethical moralists

The child complies with __________ largely because of bonds of friendship and feeling for others and because he or she wishes to gain the approval of the wider society    

1. moral positions
2. The veil of ignorance
3. The perspective of origin
4. the difference of virtues

The level of Fuller (1998) pyramid of concepts he believes makes up peacemaking criminology that focuses on criteria that must be understood, considered valid, and be trustworthy to all concerned parties is:

1. Ascertainable criteria
2. Correct means
3. Categorical imperative
4. Inclusion

The notion by Aristotle of the Golden Mean suggests that persons should always choose:              

1. moderation and not extremes.
2. to seek to maximize all values simultaneously.
3. to seek to achieve average results.
4. to do what the average virtuous person would do.

The proponents of __________ join in with Aristotle in believing that ethical knowledge involves a degree of wisdom or judgment that cannot be expressed in the form of an absolute rule.    

1. Virtue theory
2. Justice theory
3. Kantian theory
4. Moral theory

The second transition of Gilligan (1982) focuses on:                                                                     

1. Women now understand that care includes caring for themselves as well as others
2. Social norms and consensus are the basis for moral judgments and concern for others, especially the feelings of others, and the possibility of hurting others is of major concern
3. Women begin to become aware of their responsibility for the well-being of others
4. Individual survival is paramount, and moral considerations are relevant only when ones own needs are in conflict

The test for the categorical imperative is:                                                                         

1. Whether an individual is willing for a particular rule to be followed by all persons at all times
2. Whether an individual is willing for a particular moral judgment to be followed by all persons at all times
3. Whether an individual is unwilling to justify his or her moral actions
4. Whether an individual is unwilling to abide by moral rules

The theory of hedonism contends:                                                                      

1. that the ultimate intrinsic good is pleasure
2. that Bentham was responsible for creating a new class of offenders
3. that Beccaria was accurate in his definition of deterrence
4. the intrinsic pleasure from avoiding pain is the basis for ethical decision making

The third or Kingdom of Ends categorical imperative by Kant means that:              

1. we cannot rely upon society, government, or religious leaders to tell us what our moral decisions should be
2. we should only act where others will follow by our example
3. we should rely upon reason, tempered by religious conviction
4. we should follow divine commands

The ___________ would state that you ought to help people if you care for them or if you have some other purpose that might be served by helping them.                                                           

1. Hypothetical imperative
2. Moral imperative
3. Categorical imperative
4. Ethical imperative

To ensure that no one will gain an advantage or suffer a disadvantage because of his or her particular circumstances in society, we choose the principles of justice behind a:

1. veil of ignorance
2. difference of virtues
3. none of these
4. perspective of origin

What is the sixth criteria used when applying a deontological evaluation to an ethical dilemma?           

1. Determine whether the act will use any person as a means to an end
2. Determine the duties involved in the situation
3. Determine whether the duties conflict

d Determine the intention of the act                                                                                                

What reflects the Kantian principle that people are never to be treated as means to an end but always ends in themselves?                                                             

1. Social contract
2. Morality principle
3. Difference principle
4. Inequality principle

When applied to the criminal justice system, the theory of Kant requires that we:

1. Always treat all offenders with dignity and respect even when they are punished.
2. Try to obtain the best outcome for both the offender and society.
3. Place the interests of the victim above those of the offender.
4. Analyze the duties the offender was trying to carry out.

Which of the following is not a criticism of ethical egoism?                                                                       

1. It is an outdated theory applicable only to ancient societies
2. It does not assist in resolving conflicts
3. It suggests egoists cannot have friendships
4. It suggests true altruism is not possible

Which of the following is NOT one of the arguments of act consequentialists?      

1. links acts to whether or not they subscribe to moral rules
2. whether or not an act promotes the greatest good
3. neglects moral rules
4. acts should be considered on a case-by-case basis                              

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in the process for resolving an ethical dilemma from a utilitarian perspective?                                                             

1. choose the option that provides the most benefits for the individual person concerned
2. identify all those affected by the decision
3. identify all the options
4. describe the harms and benefits to all those affected under each option

Which of the following is NOT part of the consideration understaken by egoists when facing an ethical dilemma?                                                    

1. Will others benefit from the action that most benefits me?
2. How will my self-interest be best promoted?
3. How will my self-interest be best promoted?
4. The most ethical action is that which is best for the most

_________ would respond to issues such as world hunger by claiming that starving people should be helped only when it is their own self-interest to do so.              

1. Act consequentialism
2. Virtue ethics
3. Ethical egoists
4. Hypothetical consequentialism