Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

A  self-control

B  planful competence

C  attachment

D  turning points

A  persistence

B  age of onset

C  desistance

D  escalation

A  historical context of delinquency

B  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  delinquency and social policy

A  status frustration

B  ascetic hostility

C  social rebellion

D  aspiration avoidance

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  availability of suitable targets

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  absence of capable guardians

A  primary deviation

B  formal roles

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  subjective tags

A  differential association theory

B  control theory

C  strain theory

D  drift theory

A  a schizophrenic

B  a sociopath

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a manic-depressant

A  dizygotic twins

B  identical twins

C  fraternal twins

D  adopted twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  colonial period

D  houses of refuge era

A  victim-offender conferencing

B  community conferencing and peacemaking

C  restitution programs

D  family group conferences

A  race of offender

B  age at first conviction

C  family characteristics

D  community disorganization

A  are committed by minorities

B  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  use drugs

B  have a later age of onset

C  have an early age of onset

D  never had an arrest record

A  hyperkinesis

B  aphasia

C  dyslexia

D  psychopathy

A  Farrington

B  Shaw and McKay

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

A  denial of family

B  denial of responsibility

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of the victim

A  ego

B  psychosexual desire

C  superego

D  id

A  banning of violence in video games

B  expanded use of curfews

C  movement toward graduated sanctions

D  creation of juvenile boot camps

A  theory of differential oppression

B  poverty oppression expression

C  Marxist perspective

D  power-control thesis

A  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

A  violent, property

B  property, violent

C  financial, violent

D  violent, financial

A  social control theory

B  conflict

C  life-course criminology

D  symbolic interaction

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  younger than non-crossover youth

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  survey data

B  experimental data

C  content analysis

D  cohort group

A  labeling theory

B  differential social control theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  belief

B  involvement

C  morals

D  attachment

A  sensation-seeking

B  Freudian

C  routine activities

D  determinism

A  critical dimensions

B  focal concerns

C  urban utilities

D  endemic entities

A  persistent heterogeneity

B  cumulative

C  resistant

D  state dependent

A  single parents

B  more guns in use

C  lenient courts

D  urban life

A  innovation

B  conformity

C  ritualism

D  retreatism

A  Get tough policies

B  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

D  Houses of refuge

A  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

B  promote the development of correctional facilities

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Conflict

B  Labeling

C  Symbolic interaction

D  Restorative justice

A  economy and restraint

B  power and prestige

C  status and wealth

D  disorganization and culture

A  reinforcement theory

B  social control theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  cognitive theory

A  increase, decrease, remain stable

B  increase, peak, decline

C  peak, increase, decline

D  decrease, increase, decrease

A  get tough mandate

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

D  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A  warm and nurturing

B  similar to that of family

C  cold and brittle

D  strong

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The reports are classified and are not made public.

A  atavism

B  positivism

C  the social contract

D  utilitarianism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

A  convicted siblings

B  conviction for a crime before age 13

C  gender of the offender

D  low family income

A  are arrested for Part II offenses

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

A  public schools

B  civil courts

C  radical criminology

D  criminal laws

A  political institutions

B  family and neighborhood

C  religious institutions

D  governmental agents

A  the climate and resources within the family

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D  attributes of peers

A  routine activities

B  positivism

C  sociobiology

D  the classical school

A  class struggle

B  racial bias

C  Poverty

D  culture

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  hose who leave home at a young age

D  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

A  social reactions

B  neutralization

C  systematic rewards

D  rationalization

A  low intelligence

B  family criminality

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  race

A  conformity

B  deviation

C  anger

D  hostility

A  environmental

B  biological

C  structural

D  psychological

A  substance abuse treatment

B  anger management

C  empathy development

D  conflict resolution skills

A  ecological fallacy

B  validity

C  reliability

D  spurious association

A  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

B  end of child labor

C  compulsory public schooling

D  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

E  them