Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  self-control

B  turning points

C  planful competence

D  attachment

A  escalation

B  desistance

C  persistence

D  age of onset

A  historical context of delinquency

B  delinquency and social policy

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

A  status frustration

B  social rebellion

C  ascetic hostility

D  aspiration avoidance

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  availability of suitable targets

C  absence of capable guardians

D  skills necessary to engage in crime

A  cumulative disadvantage

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  formal roles

A  control theory

B  differential association theory

C  strain theory

D  drift theory

A  a schizophrenic

B  a sociopath

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a manic-depressant

A  dizygotic twins

B  identical twins

C  fraternal twins

D  adopted twins

A  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  colonial period

B  juvenile rights era

C  houses of refuge era

D  juvenile courts era

A  victim-offender conferencing

B  family group conferences

C  community conferencing and peacemaking

D  restitution programs

A  family characteristics

B  age at first conviction

C  race of offender

D  community disorganization

A  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

B  are committed by minorities

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  have a later age of onset

B  use drugs

C  have an early age of onset

D  never had an arrest record

A  hyperkinesis

B  aphasia

C  psychopathy

D  dyslexia

A  Farrington

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Shaw and McKay

A  denial of family

B  denial of responsibility

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of the victim

A  ego

B  id

C  psychosexual desire

D  superego

A  expanded use of curfews

B  creation of juvenile boot camps

C  movement toward graduated sanctions

D  banning of violence in video games

A  poverty oppression expression

B  power-control thesis

C  theory of differential oppression

D  Marxist perspective

A  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

C  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

D  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, property

C  property, violent

D  violent, financial

A  symbolic interaction

B  social control theory

C  conflict

D  life-course criminology

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  younger than non-crossover youth

C  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

A  survey data

B  cohort group

C  content analysis

D  experimental data

A  theory of differential oppression

B  symbolic interactionist theory

C  labeling theory

D  differential social control theory

A  involvement

B  morals

C  attachment

D  belief

A  sensation-seeking

B  Freudian

C  determinism

D  routine activities

A  endemic entities

B  urban utilities

C  critical dimensions

D  focal concerns

A  resistant

B  state dependent

C  cumulative

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  urban life

B  single parents

C  more guns in use

D  lenient courts

A  innovation

B  ritualism

C  conformity

D  retreatism

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C  Houses of refuge

D  Get tough policies

A  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

B  promote the development of correctional facilities

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Symbolic interaction

B  Conflict

C  Labeling

D  Restorative justice

A  power and prestige

B  disorganization and culture

C  economy and restraint

D  status and wealth

A  social control theory

B  cognitive theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  reinforcement theory

A  increase, peak, decline

B  increase, decrease, remain stable

C  decrease, increase, decrease

D  peak, increase, decline

A  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

D  get tough mandate

A  cold and brittle

B  similar to that of family

C  warm and nurturing

D  strong

A  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

B  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C  The reports are classified and are not made public.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  atavism

B  the social contract

C  utilitarianism

D  positivism

A  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  gang members less likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  convicted siblings

B  conviction for a crime before age 13

C  gender of the offender

D  low family income

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  have a lengthy record of crime

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  criminal laws

B  civil courts

C  radical criminology

D  public schools

A  family and neighborhood

B  governmental agents

C  political institutions

D  religious institutions

A  attributes of peers

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A  routine activities

B  the classical school

C  positivism

D  sociobiology

A  racial bias

B  culture

C  class struggle

D  Poverty

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  hose who leave home at a young age

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

A  rationalization

B  systematic rewards

C  neutralization

D  social reactions

A  antisocial behavior during childhood

B  family criminality

C  low intelligence

D  race

A  hostility

B  conformity

C  anger

D  deviation

A  psychological

B  environmental

C  structural

D  biological

A  empathy development

B  anger management

C  substance abuse treatment

D  conflict resolution skills

A  spurious association

B  validity

C  ecological fallacy

D  reliability

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  them

C  compulsory public schooling

D  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E  end of child labor