Quiz 1

A  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

B  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  turning points

B  planful competence

C  self-control

D  attachment

A  desistance

B  age of onset

C  persistence

D  escalation

A  Developmental Life-Course theory

B  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

C  historical context of delinquency

D  delinquency and social policy

A  ascetic hostility

B  status frustration

C  aspiration avoidance

D  social rebellion

A  skills necessary to engage in crime

B  absence of capable guardians

C  presence of motivated offenders

D  availability of suitable targets

A  formal roles

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  differential association theory

B  drift theory

C  strain theory

D  control theory

A  a manic-depressant

B  a schizophrenic

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a sociopath

A  adopted twins

B  dizygotic twins

C  identical twins

D  fraternal twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A  colonial period

B  houses of refuge era

C  juvenile courts era

D  juvenile rights era

A  restitution programs

B  victim-offender conferencing

C  family group conferences

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  family characteristics

B  race of offender

C  age at first conviction

D  community disorganization

A  are committed by minorities

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

A  never had an arrest record

B  have a later age of onset

C  have an early age of onset

D  use drugs

A  dyslexia

B  aphasia

C  psychopathy

D  hyperkinesis

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Farrington

C  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D  Travis Hirschi

A  denial of family

B  denial of the victim

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of responsibility

A  id

B  psychosexual desire

C  ego

D  superego

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  expanded use of curfews

C  banning of violence in video games

D  creation of juvenile boot camps

A  power-control thesis

B  theory of differential oppression

C  poverty oppression expression

D  Marxist perspective

A  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A  violent, financial

B  violent, property

C  property, violent

D  financial, violent

A  social control theory

B  conflict

C  symbolic interaction

D  life-course criminology

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  experimental data

B  cohort group

C  survey data

D  content analysis

A  labeling theory

B  differential social control theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  involvement

B  morals

C  belief

D  attachment

A  Freudian

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  routine activities

A  urban utilities

B  endemic entities

C  critical dimensions

D  focal concerns

A  cumulative

B  persistent heterogeneity

C  resistant

D  state dependent

A  lenient courts

B  more guns in use

C  urban life

D  single parents

A  ritualism

B  innovation

C  conformity

D  retreatism

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C  Houses of refuge

D  Get tough policies

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  promote the development of correctional facilities

C  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Labeling

B  Restorative justice

C  Symbolic interaction

D  Conflict

A  status and wealth

B  power and prestige

C  economy and restraint

D  disorganization and culture

A  cognitive theory

B  social control theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  reinforcement theory

A  peak, increase, decline

B  increase, decrease, remain stable

C  increase, peak, decline

D  decrease, increase, decrease

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  get tough mandate

A  warm and nurturing

B  cold and brittle

C  similar to that of family

D  strong

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A  utilitarianism

B  atavism

C  positivism

D  the social contract

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  gender of the offender

B  convicted siblings

C  low family income

D  conviction for a crime before age 13

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  have a lengthy record of crime

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  civil courts

B  public schools

C  radical criminology

D  criminal laws

A  governmental agents

B  religious institutions

C  family and neighborhood

D  political institutions

A  attributes of peers

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A  the classical school

B  sociobiology

C  routine activities

D  positivism

A  class struggle

B  Poverty

C  racial bias

D  culture

A  hose who leave home at a young age

B  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

A  systematic rewards

B  neutralization

C  social reactions

D  rationalization

A  low intelligence

B  family criminality

C  race

D  antisocial behavior during childhood

A  anger

B  hostility

C  conformity

D  deviation

A  psychological

B  structural

C  environmental

D  biological

A  conflict resolution skills

B  substance abuse treatment

C  empathy development

D  anger management

A  ecological fallacy

B  validity

C  spurious association

D  reliability

A  end of child labor

B  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C  compulsory public schooling

D  them

E  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing