Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

A  self-control

B  turning points

C  planful competence

D  attachment

A  escalation

B  persistence

C  desistance

D  age of onset

A  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  historical context of delinquency

D  delinquency and social policy

A  status frustration

B  social rebellion

C  aspiration avoidance

D  ascetic hostility

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  availability of suitable targets

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  absence of capable guardians

A  subjective tags

B  cumulative disadvantage

C  formal roles

D  primary deviation

A  control theory

B  differential association theory

C  strain theory

D  drift theory

A  a delusional delinquent

B  a schizophrenic

C  a sociopath

D  a manic-depressant

A  fraternal twins

B  identical twins

C  adopted twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  colonial period

D  houses of refuge era

A  restitution programs

B  family group conferences

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  age at first conviction

B  community disorganization

C  family characteristics

D  race of offender

A  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

B  are considered as status offenses

C  are brought to the attention of the court

D  are committed by minorities

A  have an early age of onset

B  use drugs

C  have a later age of onset

D  never had an arrest record

A  psychopathy

B  dyslexia

C  aphasia

D  hyperkinesis

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Farrington

A  denial of responsibility

B  denial of the victim

C  denial of family

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  superego

B  ego

C  psychosexual desire

D  id

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  banning of violence in video games

C  expanded use of curfews

D  movement toward graduated sanctions

A  poverty oppression expression

B  Marxist perspective

C  theory of differential oppression

D  power-control thesis

A  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

B  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

A  violent, financial

B  violent, property

C  property, violent

D  financial, violent

A  social control theory

B  symbolic interaction

C  conflict

D  life-course criminology

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  content analysis

B  survey data

C  cohort group

D  experimental data

A  labeling theory

B  differential social control theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  involvement

B  belief

C  attachment

D  morals

A  routine activities

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  Freudian

A  critical dimensions

B  focal concerns

C  urban utilities

D  endemic entities

A  resistant

B  persistent heterogeneity

C  cumulative

D  state dependent

A  more guns in use

B  lenient courts

C  urban life

D  single parents

A  ritualism

B  retreatism

C  conformity

D  innovation

A  Houses of refuge

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Get tough policies

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Conflict

B  Restorative justice

C  Symbolic interaction

D  Labeling

A  economy and restraint

B  disorganization and culture

C  power and prestige

D  status and wealth

A  social control theory

B  reinforcement theory

C  cognitive theory

D  age-graded life-course perspective

A  increase, peak, decline

B  peak, increase, decline

C  increase, decrease, remain stable

D  decrease, increase, decrease

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  get tough mandate

A  cold and brittle

B  similar to that of family

C  warm and nurturing

D  strong

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

D  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A  atavism

B  utilitarianism

C  positivism

D  the social contract

A  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

B  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

D  gang members less likely to carry guns

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  convicted siblings

C  gender of the offender

D  low family income

A  have a lengthy record of crime

B  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  criminal laws

B  public schools

C  radical criminology

D  civil courts

A  religious institutions

B  political institutions

C  governmental agents

D  family and neighborhood

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  attributes of peers

A  sociobiology

B  positivism

C  the classical school

D  routine activities

A  Poverty

B  class struggle

C  culture

D  racial bias

A  hose who leave home at a young age

B  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A  social reactions

B  neutralization

C  rationalization

D  systematic rewards

A  race

B  antisocial behavior during childhood

C  family criminality

D  low intelligence

A  deviation

B  conformity

C  hostility

D  anger

A  biological

B  structural

C  environmental

D  psychological

A  conflict resolution skills

B  substance abuse treatment

C  anger management

D  empathy development

A  validity

B  ecological fallacy

C  spurious association

D  reliability

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  compulsory public schooling

C  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

D  them

E  end of child labor