Quiz 1

A  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

B  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

A  turning points

B  planful competence

C  self-control

D  attachment

A  age of onset

B  persistence

C  desistance

D  escalation

A  historical context of delinquency

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  delinquency and social policy

A  social rebellion

B  status frustration

C  aspiration avoidance

D  ascetic hostility

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  availability of suitable targets

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  absence of capable guardians

A  formal roles

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  drift theory

B  strain theory

C  differential association theory

D  control theory

A  a sociopath

B  a delusional delinquent

C  a schizophrenic

D  a manic-depressant

A  dizygotic twins

B  adopted twins

C  fraternal twins

D  identical twins

A  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

B  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  houses of refuge era

B  colonial period

C  juvenile rights era

D  juvenile courts era

A  victim-offender conferencing

B  family group conferences

C  restitution programs

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  age at first conviction

B  community disorganization

C  family characteristics

D  race of offender

A  are considered as status offenses

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are committed by minorities

A  have a later age of onset

B  have an early age of onset

C  use drugs

D  never had an arrest record

A  psychopathy

B  hyperkinesis

C  dyslexia

D  aphasia

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Farrington

A  denial of family

B  denial of the victim

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of responsibility

A  psychosexual desire

B  id

C  superego

D  ego

A  banning of violence in video games

B  expanded use of curfews

C  creation of juvenile boot camps

D  movement toward graduated sanctions

A  power-control thesis

B  poverty oppression expression

C  theory of differential oppression

D  Marxist perspective

A  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

D  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, financial

C  property, violent

D  violent, property

A  symbolic interaction

B  conflict

C  social control theory

D  life-course criminology

A  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

B  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  younger than non-crossover youth

A  survey data

B  cohort group

C  experimental data

D  content analysis

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  differential social control theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  labeling theory

A  involvement

B  belief

C  morals

D  attachment

A  Freudian

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  routine activities

A  critical dimensions

B  endemic entities

C  urban utilities

D  focal concerns

A  state dependent

B  resistant

C  persistent heterogeneity

D  cumulative

A  lenient courts

B  single parents

C  urban life

D  more guns in use

A  conformity

B  retreatism

C  innovation

D  ritualism

A  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B  Get tough policies

C  Houses of refuge

D  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

A  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote the development of correctional facilities

D  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  Symbolic interaction

B  Conflict

C  Restorative justice

D  Labeling

A  economy and restraint

B  status and wealth

C  disorganization and culture

D  power and prestige

A  age-graded life-course perspective

B  social control theory

C  reinforcement theory

D  cognitive theory

A  increase, peak, decline

B  decrease, increase, decrease

C  peak, increase, decline

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  get tough mandate

C  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

D  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

A  warm and nurturing

B  cold and brittle

C  similar to that of family

D  strong

A  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

B  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

D  The reports are classified and are not made public.

A  atavism

B  positivism

C  the social contract

D  utilitarianism

A  gang members less likely to carry guns

B  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  low family income

C  convicted siblings

D  gender of the offender

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  have a lengthy record of crime

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  public schools

B  criminal laws

C  civil courts

D  radical criminology

A  political institutions

B  family and neighborhood

C  religious institutions

D  governmental agents

A  the climate and resources within the family

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D  attributes of peers

A  routine activities

B  positivism

C  sociobiology

D  the classical school

A  culture

B  class struggle

C  racial bias

D  Poverty

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  rationalization

B  social reactions

C  neutralization

D  systematic rewards

A  family criminality

B  race

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  low intelligence

A  hostility

B  conformity

C  deviation

D  anger

A  psychological

B  structural

C  environmental

D  biological

A  substance abuse treatment

B  empathy development

C  conflict resolution skills

D  anger management

A  validity

B  ecological fallacy

C  reliability

D  spurious association

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  compulsory public schooling

C  them

D  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E  end of child labor