Quiz 1

A  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

B  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  self-control

B  attachment

C  planful competence

D  turning points

A  persistence

B  escalation

C  age of onset

D  desistance

A  historical context of delinquency

B  Developmental Life-Course theory

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  delinquency and social policy

A  aspiration avoidance

B  status frustration

C  ascetic hostility

D  social rebellion

A  presence of motivated offenders

B  absence of capable guardians

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  availability of suitable targets

A  cumulative disadvantage

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  formal roles

A  differential association theory

B  control theory

C  drift theory

D  strain theory

A  a delusional delinquent

B  a manic-depressant

C  a schizophrenic

D  a sociopath

A  adopted twins

B  dizygotic twins

C  identical twins

D  fraternal twins

A  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

B  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  houses of refuge era

D  colonial period

A  restitution programs

B  family group conferences

C  community conferencing and peacemaking

D  victim-offender conferencing

A  family characteristics

B  age at first conviction

C  community disorganization

D  race of offender

A  are considered as status offenses

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are committed by minorities

A  have a later age of onset

B  never had an arrest record

C  have an early age of onset

D  use drugs

A  hyperkinesis

B  dyslexia

C  psychopathy

D  aphasia

A  Farrington

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Shaw and McKay

A  denial of the victim

B  appeal to higher loyalties

C  denial of responsibility

D  denial of family

A  superego

B  id

C  psychosexual desire

D  ego

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  expanded use of curfews

C  banning of violence in video games

D  creation of juvenile boot camps

A  theory of differential oppression

B  poverty oppression expression

C  Marxist perspective

D  power-control thesis

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

C  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

A  violent, property

B  violent, financial

C  financial, violent

D  property, violent

A  conflict

B  social control theory

C  symbolic interaction

D  life-course criminology

A  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  younger than non-crossover youth

D  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

A  cohort group

B  survey data

C  content analysis

D  experimental data

A  differential social control theory

B  labeling theory

C  symbolic interactionist theory

D  theory of differential oppression

A  involvement

B  belief

C  morals

D  attachment

A  routine activities

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  Freudian

A  endemic entities

B  focal concerns

C  critical dimensions

D  urban utilities

A  resistant

B  state dependent

C  cumulative

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  urban life

B  single parents

C  more guns in use

D  lenient courts

A  innovation

B  ritualism

C  retreatism

D  conformity

A  Get tough policies

B  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C  Houses of refuge

D  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

D  promote the development of correctional facilities

A  Restorative justice

B  Symbolic interaction

C  Labeling

D  Conflict

A  status and wealth

B  economy and restraint

C  disorganization and culture

D  power and prestige

A  cognitive theory

B  reinforcement theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  social control theory

A  increase, decrease, remain stable

B  decrease, increase, decrease

C  increase, peak, decline

D  peak, increase, decline

A  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  get tough mandate

A  strong

B  warm and nurturing

C  similar to that of family

D  cold and brittle

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The reports are classified and are not made public.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  positivism

B  atavism

C  utilitarianism

D  the social contract

A  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  gang members less likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  convicted siblings

B  gender of the offender

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  low family income

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for Part II offenses

C  have a lengthy record of crime

D  are arrested for less serious offenses

A  public schools

B  civil courts

C  radical criminology

D  criminal laws

A  governmental agents

B  religious institutions

C  family and neighborhood

D  political institutions

A  attributes of peers

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

A  positivism

B  sociobiology

C  the classical school

D  routine activities

A  culture

B  class struggle

C  Poverty

D  racial bias

A  hose who leave home at a young age

B  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

A  neutralization

B  social reactions

C  systematic rewards

D  rationalization

A  antisocial behavior during childhood

B  family criminality

C  race

D  low intelligence

A  anger

B  conformity

C  hostility

D  deviation

A  biological

B  environmental

C  structural

D  psychological

A  empathy development

B  conflict resolution skills

C  anger management

D  substance abuse treatment

A  validity

B  spurious association

C  ecological fallacy

D  reliability

A  them

B  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D  end of child labor

E  compulsory public schooling