Quiz 1

A  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

B  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

A  self-control

B  planful competence

C  attachment

D  turning points

A  age of onset

B  desistance

C  escalation

D  persistence

A  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B  delinquency and social policy

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  historical context of delinquency

A  aspiration avoidance

B  social rebellion

C  status frustration

D  ascetic hostility

A  skills necessary to engage in crime

B  presence of motivated offenders

C  absence of capable guardians

D  availability of suitable targets

A  formal roles

B  cumulative disadvantage

C  subjective tags

D  primary deviation

A  strain theory

B  drift theory

C  control theory

D  differential association theory

A  a schizophrenic

B  a delusional delinquent

C  a sociopath

D  a manic-depressant

A  identical twins

B  adopted twins

C  dizygotic twins

D  fraternal twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  houses of refuge era

D  colonial period

A  family group conferences

B  victim-offender conferencing

C  community conferencing and peacemaking

D  restitution programs

A  age at first conviction

B  family characteristics

C  race of offender

D  community disorganization

A  are considered as status offenses

B  are committed by minorities

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  have an early age of onset

B  never had an arrest record

C  have a later age of onset

D  use drugs

A  dyslexia

B  psychopathy

C  hyperkinesis

D  aphasia

A  Shaw and McKay

B  Travis Hirschi

C  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

D  Farrington

A  denial of the victim

B  appeal to higher loyalties

C  denial of responsibility

D  denial of family

A  id

B  psychosexual desire

C  ego

D  superego

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  creation of juvenile boot camps

C  expanded use of curfews

D  banning of violence in video games

A  poverty oppression expression

B  power-control thesis

C  Marxist perspective

D  theory of differential oppression

A  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

B  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

C  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

D  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

A  violent, financial

B  property, violent

C  financial, violent

D  violent, property

A  conflict

B  social control theory

C  symbolic interaction

D  life-course criminology

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  survey data

B  content analysis

C  experimental data

D  cohort group

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  differential social control theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  labeling theory

A  belief

B  morals

C  involvement

D  attachment

A  routine activities

B  sensation-seeking

C  Freudian

D  determinism

A  critical dimensions

B  urban utilities

C  focal concerns

D  endemic entities

A  state dependent

B  persistent heterogeneity

C  cumulative

D  resistant

A  single parents

B  more guns in use

C  urban life

D  lenient courts

A  conformity

B  innovation

C  ritualism

D  retreatism

A  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Houses of refuge

D  Get tough policies

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

C  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  Labeling

B  Symbolic interaction

C  Restorative justice

D  Conflict

A  power and prestige

B  disorganization and culture

C  economy and restraint

D  status and wealth

A  cognitive theory

B  age-graded life-course perspective

C  reinforcement theory

D  social control theory

A  peak, increase, decline

B  decrease, increase, decrease

C  increase, peak, decline

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  get tough mandate

B  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

C  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

D  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

A  strong

B  similar to that of family

C  cold and brittle

D  warm and nurturing

A  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The reports are classified and are not made public.

D  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

A  utilitarianism

B  positivism

C  atavism

D  the social contract

A  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

A  convicted siblings

B  gender of the offender

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  low family income

A  have a lengthy record of crime

B  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

C  are arrested for Part II offenses

D  are arrested for less serious offenses

A  civil courts

B  radical criminology

C  public schools

D  criminal laws

A  governmental agents

B  religious institutions

C  political institutions

D  family and neighborhood

A  the climate and resources within the family

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  attributes of peers

D  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

A  routine activities

B  the classical school

C  positivism

D  sociobiology

A  culture

B  racial bias

C  class struggle

D  Poverty

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  neutralization

B  systematic rewards

C  rationalization

D  social reactions

A  race

B  low intelligence

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  family criminality

A  hostility

B  conformity

C  anger

D  deviation

A  environmental

B  psychological

C  structural

D  biological

A  empathy development

B  conflict resolution skills

C  anger management

D  substance abuse treatment

A  reliability

B  validity

C  ecological fallacy

D  spurious association

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  end of child labor

C  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

D  them

E  compulsory public schooling