Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

A  planful competence

B  self-control

C  turning points

D  attachment

A  desistance

B  persistence

C  escalation

D  age of onset

A  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

B  historical context of delinquency

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  delinquency and social policy

A  social rebellion

B  aspiration avoidance

C  status frustration

D  ascetic hostility

A  absence of capable guardians

B  availability of suitable targets

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  presence of motivated offenders

A  formal roles

B  primary deviation

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  subjective tags

A  drift theory

B  control theory

C  differential association theory

D  strain theory

A  a manic-depressant

B  a schizophrenic

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a sociopath

A  fraternal twins

B  identical twins

C  adopted twins

D  dizygotic twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

C  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

D  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

A  juvenile rights era

B  houses of refuge era

C  juvenile courts era

D  colonial period

A  community conferencing and peacemaking

B  restitution programs

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  family group conferences

A  community disorganization

B  race of offender

C  age at first conviction

D  family characteristics

A  are committed by minorities

B  are considered as status offenses

C  are brought to the attention of the court

D  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

A  never had an arrest record

B  have a later age of onset

C  have an early age of onset

D  use drugs

A  dyslexia

B  psychopathy

C  aphasia

D  hyperkinesis

A  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

B  Farrington

C  Travis Hirschi

D  Shaw and McKay

A  denial of the victim

B  denial of responsibility

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of family

A  id

B  ego

C  psychosexual desire

D  superego

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  banning of violence in video games

C  expanded use of curfews

D  movement toward graduated sanctions

A  Marxist perspective

B  power-control thesis

C  poverty oppression expression

D  theory of differential oppression

A  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

C  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

D  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A  violent, financial

B  property, violent

C  financial, violent

D  violent, property

A  social control theory

B  symbolic interaction

C  life-course criminology

D  conflict

A  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  younger than non-crossover youth

D  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

A  experimental data

B  cohort group

C  content analysis

D  survey data

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  labeling theory

C  differential social control theory

D  theory of differential oppression

A  involvement

B  attachment

C  belief

D  morals

A  sensation-seeking

B  Freudian

C  routine activities

D  determinism

A  endemic entities

B  critical dimensions

C  focal concerns

D  urban utilities

A  cumulative

B  state dependent

C  resistant

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  single parents

B  urban life

C  more guns in use

D  lenient courts

A  retreatism

B  conformity

C  ritualism

D  innovation

A  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Get tough policies

D  Houses of refuge

A  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

B  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  promote the development of correctional facilities

A  Labeling

B  Conflict

C  Restorative justice

D  Symbolic interaction

A  power and prestige

B  status and wealth

C  economy and restraint

D  disorganization and culture

A  cognitive theory

B  social control theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  reinforcement theory

A  peak, increase, decline

B  decrease, increase, decrease

C  increase, peak, decline

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  get tough mandate

D  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

A  strong

B  cold and brittle

C  similar to that of family

D  warm and nurturing

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

C  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

D  The reports are classified and are not made public.

A  atavism

B  utilitarianism

C  the social contract

D  positivism

A  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  gang members less likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  low family income

B  convicted siblings

C  conviction for a crime before age 13

D  gender of the offender

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  have a lengthy record of crime

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  civil courts

B  public schools

C  radical criminology

D  criminal laws

A  religious institutions

B  governmental agents

C  family and neighborhood

D  political institutions

A  attributes of peers

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  positivism

B  sociobiology

C  routine activities

D  the classical school

A  racial bias

B  Poverty

C  culture

D  class struggle

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  systematic rewards

B  neutralization

C  rationalization

D  social reactions

A  low intelligence

B  race

C  family criminality

D  antisocial behavior during childhood

A  hostility

B  anger

C  deviation

D  conformity

A  psychological

B  structural

C  environmental

D  biological

A  empathy development

B  conflict resolution skills

C  anger management

D  substance abuse treatment

A  validity

B  spurious association

C  ecological fallacy

D  reliability

A  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

B  end of child labor

C  compulsory public schooling

D  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

E  them