Quiz 1

A  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

B  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

A  attachment

B  self-control

C  turning points

D  planful competence

A  escalation

B  age of onset

C  persistence

D  desistance

A  Developmental Life-Course theory

B  historical context of delinquency

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  delinquency and social policy

A  ascetic hostility

B  aspiration avoidance

C  status frustration

D  social rebellion

A  skills necessary to engage in crime

B  availability of suitable targets

C  presence of motivated offenders

D  absence of capable guardians

A  cumulative disadvantage

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  formal roles

A  control theory

B  differential association theory

C  drift theory

D  strain theory

A  a delusional delinquent

B  a manic-depressant

C  a schizophrenic

D  a sociopath

A  fraternal twins

B  dizygotic twins

C  identical twins

D  adopted twins

A  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  juvenile courts era

B  colonial period

C  houses of refuge era

D  juvenile rights era

A  restitution programs

B  community conferencing and peacemaking

C  family group conferences

D  victim-offender conferencing

A  race of offender

B  community disorganization

C  age at first conviction

D  family characteristics

A  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

B  are committed by minorities

C  are considered as status offenses

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  never had an arrest record

B  have a later age of onset

C  use drugs

D  have an early age of onset

A  dyslexia

B  hyperkinesis

C  aphasia

D  psychopathy

A  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

B  Farrington

C  Shaw and McKay

D  Travis Hirschi

A  denial of responsibility

B  appeal to higher loyalties

C  denial of family

D  denial of the victim

A  superego

B  ego

C  id

D  psychosexual desire

A  creation of juvenile boot camps

B  movement toward graduated sanctions

C  banning of violence in video games

D  expanded use of curfews

A  poverty oppression expression

B  theory of differential oppression

C  Marxist perspective

D  power-control thesis

A  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

B  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

C  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

D  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A  violent, property

B  property, violent

C  financial, violent

D  violent, financial

A  social control theory

B  symbolic interaction

C  conflict

D  life-course criminology

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D  younger than non-crossover youth

A  survey data

B  content analysis

C  cohort group

D  experimental data

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  labeling theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  differential social control theory

A  involvement

B  belief

C  morals

D  attachment

A  Freudian

B  routine activities

C  determinism

D  sensation-seeking

A  focal concerns

B  urban utilities

C  critical dimensions

D  endemic entities

A  resistant

B  cumulative

C  state dependent

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  more guns in use

B  urban life

C  lenient courts

D  single parents

A  ritualism

B  retreatism

C  innovation

D  conformity

A  Get tough policies

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

D  Houses of refuge

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Conflict

B  Symbolic interaction

C  Labeling

D  Restorative justice

A  status and wealth

B  economy and restraint

C  power and prestige

D  disorganization and culture

A  age-graded life-course perspective

B  reinforcement theory

C  social control theory

D  cognitive theory

A  increase, decrease, remain stable

B  peak, increase, decline

C  decrease, increase, decrease

D  increase, peak, decline

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  get tough mandate

A  strong

B  warm and nurturing

C  cold and brittle

D  similar to that of family

A  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

B  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C  The reports are classified and are not made public.

D  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

A  atavism

B  the social contract

C  positivism

D  utilitarianism

A  gang members less likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  gender of the offender

C  low family income

D  convicted siblings

A  have a lengthy record of crime

B  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  civil courts

B  public schools

C  radical criminology

D  criminal laws

A  governmental agents

B  religious institutions

C  political institutions

D  family and neighborhood

A  attributes of peers

B  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

C  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  sociobiology

B  positivism

C  the classical school

D  routine activities

A  racial bias

B  culture

C  Poverty

D  class struggle

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  hose who leave home at a young age

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

A  social reactions

B  rationalization

C  neutralization

D  systematic rewards

A  antisocial behavior during childhood

B  low intelligence

C  race

D  family criminality

A  anger

B  deviation

C  hostility

D  conformity

A  environmental

B  psychological

C  structural

D  biological

A  substance abuse treatment

B  conflict resolution skills

C  empathy development

D  anger management

A  spurious association

B  ecological fallacy

C  validity

D  reliability

A  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

B  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C  them

D  end of child labor

E  compulsory public schooling