Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

D  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

A  self-control

B  attachment

C  planful competence

D  turning points

A  persistence

B  desistance

C  age of onset

D  escalation

A  delinquency and social policy

B  historical context of delinquency

C  Developmental Life-Course theory

D  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

A  aspiration avoidance

B  ascetic hostility

C  status frustration

D  social rebellion

A  absence of capable guardians

B  presence of motivated offenders

C  skills necessary to engage in crime

D  availability of suitable targets

A  primary deviation

B  subjective tags

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  formal roles

A  drift theory

B  differential association theory

C  strain theory

D  control theory

A  a sociopath

B  a manic-depressant

C  a schizophrenic

D  a delusional delinquent

A  identical twins

B  adopted twins

C  dizygotic twins

D  fraternal twins

A  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

B  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

C  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

D  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

A  juvenile courts era

B  juvenile rights era

C  colonial period

D  houses of refuge era

A  community conferencing and peacemaking

B  family group conferences

C  restitution programs

D  victim-offender conferencing

A  family characteristics

B  community disorganization

C  age at first conviction

D  race of offender

A  are considered as status offenses

B  are brought to the attention of the court

C  are committed by minorities

D  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

A  have a later age of onset

B  have an early age of onset

C  use drugs

D  never had an arrest record

A  dyslexia

B  psychopathy

C  hyperkinesis

D  aphasia

A  Farrington

B  Travis Hirschi

C  Shaw and McKay

D  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

A  denial of responsibility

B  denial of the victim

C  appeal to higher loyalties

D  denial of family

A  psychosexual desire

B  id

C  superego

D  ego

A  banning of violence in video games

B  movement toward graduated sanctions

C  creation of juvenile boot camps

D  expanded use of curfews

A  power-control thesis

B  poverty oppression expression

C  Marxist perspective

D  theory of differential oppression

A  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

B  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

C  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

D  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, financial

C  property, violent

D  violent, property

A  social control theory

B  symbolic interaction

C  life-course criminology

D  conflict

A  younger than non-crossover youth

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

D  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

A  survey data

B  experimental data

C  content analysis

D  cohort group

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  theory of differential oppression

C  differential social control theory

D  labeling theory

A  involvement

B  attachment

C  belief

D  morals

A  sensation-seeking

B  Freudian

C  routine activities

D  determinism

A  endemic entities

B  focal concerns

C  critical dimensions

D  urban utilities

A  state dependent

B  cumulative

C  resistant

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  urban life

B  single parents

C  lenient courts

D  more guns in use

A  innovation

B  ritualism

C  conformity

D  retreatism

A  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

B  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

C  Get tough policies

D  Houses of refuge

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Labeling

B  Restorative justice

C  Symbolic interaction

D  Conflict

A  economy and restraint

B  power and prestige

C  disorganization and culture

D  status and wealth

A  reinforcement theory

B  social control theory

C  age-graded life-course perspective

D  cognitive theory

A  decrease, increase, decrease

B  peak, increase, decline

C  increase, peak, decline

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  get tough mandate

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

A  strong

B  similar to that of family

C  warm and nurturing

D  cold and brittle

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C  The reports are classified and are not made public.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  the social contract

B  utilitarianism

C  positivism

D  atavism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  gang members less likely to carry guns

A  convicted siblings

B  conviction for a crime before age 13

C  gender of the offender

D  low family income

A  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

B  are arrested for Part II offenses

C  are arrested for less serious offenses

D  have a lengthy record of crime

A  public schools

B  radical criminology

C  civil courts

D  criminal laws

A  religious institutions

B  political institutions

C  family and neighborhood

D  governmental agents

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  attributes of peers

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A  sociobiology

B  routine activities

C  the classical school

D  positivism

A  racial bias

B  culture

C  Poverty

D  class struggle

A  hose who leave home at a young age

B  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

C  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

D  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

A  rationalization

B  neutralization

C  systematic rewards

D  social reactions

A  family criminality

B  antisocial behavior during childhood

C  race

D  low intelligence

A  anger

B  hostility

C  deviation

D  conformity

A  structural

B  biological

C  psychological

D  environmental

A  conflict resolution skills

B  empathy development

C  anger management

D  substance abuse treatment

A  reliability

B  spurious association

C  ecological fallacy

D  validity

A  compulsory public schooling

B  end of child labor

C  them

D  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing