Sociologists argue that individuals and institutions have a “recursive relationship” meaning:

1. institutions do not have the ability to affect individuals.
2. institutions and individuals shape each other.
3. researchers do not know how much power individuals to change institutions.
4. individuals do not have the ability to affect institutions.

The phenomenon of the “glass escalator” is the process in which men _________________when they enter female-dominated professions.

1. are discriminated against by their female coworkers
2. quickly move to positions of power
3. are paid less than their female coworkers
4. are excluded from managerial positions

According to Coontz and other sociologists, the “traditional” marriage of the female homemaker and male breadwinner:

1. is scientifically proven to be the best way to raise children.
2. is the norm across all cultures.
3. has been the norm since marriage was invented in the 1600s.
4. was only the norm for a very short period of time in recent history.

The age of first marriage for men and women in the United States has been _______________ over the last 50 years.

1. decreasing for men.
2. decreasing for women.
3. steadily decreasing.
4. steadily increasing.

In the years before the Industrial Revolution in the US, men chose their marriage partners based on:

1. how long they have lived in the United States.
2. love.
3. sexual attraction.
4. what they could bring to help sustain their family business or farm.

According to the video Tying the Knot, the first radical change to marriage happened due to:

1. the ability to grant a green card through marriage.
2. the ability of gay couples to get married.
3. the move from working at home on the farm to working outside the home in factories.
4. the ability of men to have more than one wife.

The theory of role complementarity argues that ___________________ in heterosexual marriages.

1. women need more compliments to feel secure
2. husbands show their love through actions rather than words
3. expressions of gender similarity are a sexual turn on
4. expressions of gender difference are a sexual turn on

Data analysis from the Marital and Relationship Survey (2006) on the connection of household division of labor to sexual frequency and satisfaction found that:

1. egalitarian couples had the highest sexual frequency.
2. counter-conventional couples were the most satisfied with their sex lives.
3. egalitarian couples had the lowest sexual frequency.
4. counter-conventional couples had the highest sexual frequency.

In contrast to heterosexual fathers, gay men in this McKee (2017) study typically ___________________ after becoming a parent.

1. decreased their hours at work
2. still made work their highest priority
3. found female family members to take over child-rearing.
4. increased their hours at work

Gay men in the McKee (2017) study placed importance and meaning on to parenting after becoming fathers not only because it was personally fulfilling but also because they felt:

1. extra pressure since most of them did not grow up with fathers.
2. extra pressure to make sure their children do not end up gay.
3. judgement from lesbian mothers.
4. judgement from others that their parenting reflected on the abilities of all LGBT parents.

In the early 1900s, California hospitals and state institutions participated in a eugenics program in which:

1. 20,000 patients were used for involuntary breeding programs.
2. 20,000 biological children were taken away from same-sex couples.
3. 20,000 patients were involuntarily sterilized.
4. 20,000 Japanese immigrants were exterminated.

The public justification for California’s eugenics program was:

1. to decrease the white population.
2. Nazi ideology.
3. population control.
4. to increase diversity in the state’s population.

Queer theorists argue that the institution of marriage is bad for gay people because:

1. gay marriage is still not federally recognized in the United States.
2. gay couples received more benefits in civil unions.
3. religious institutions still discriminate against gay people.
4. it marginalizes alternative sexualities, forms of intimacy, and family structures.

Heteronormativity refers to the set of ideas, norms, and practices that support:

1. alternative forms of intimacy in marriage.
2. homosexuality as the most common form of sexual and family relationships.
3. non-monogamous marriage and alternative family formation.
4. heterosexuality and gender differentiation as the norm for sexual and family relationships.

Clover (2016) argues that ______________ is one of the key issues that is often overlooked in the literature on being queer and pregnant.

1. whose name goes on the birth certificate
2. how to access insurance
3. finding the right hospital
4. how to have sex safely