The English surveyor who developed the technique of stratigraphic correlation between regions was:      

1. William Smith
2. Richard Owen
3. Alfred Wallace
4. Charles Lyell

The study of what happens to an organism’s remains after death is:         

1. taphonomy
2. forensic biology
3. archaeology
4. cryptozoology

Which of the following is NOT an ideal environment for fossilization?

1. acidic soil (as in a jungle)
2. mud
3. Rock
4. sand

A layer of stratigraphy in one location overwhelmingly represents one species, while the same species is discovered in a similar stratigraphic layer  fifty miles away. What method is used to provide an estimate of age for this layer and this species?

1. biostratigraphy
2. carbon 14
3. Steno’s law of superposition
4. Dendrochronology

A wooden tomb is discovered with a well-preserved mummy inside. What method could be used to date the tomb?                                                             

1. dendrochronology
2. thermoluminescence
3. superposition
4. electron spin resonance

Scientists can determine the type of plant consumed based on:                                                              

1. carbon 14
2. isotopes in general
3. carbon 13 and carbon 12
4. index fossils

An index fossil is:                                                                        

1. a fossil used to categorize a stratigraphic layer
2. The type specimen of a species
3. a fossil found in a particular site
4. the ideal specimen of that species that all examples must follow

Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?                                                                       

1. potassium-argon dating
2. electron spin resonance dating
3. amino acid dating
4. carbon 14 dating

Thermoluminescence dating can provide dates when used on which types of materials? 

1. sediment, stone and ceramics
2. shell, ceramics, and wood
3. bone, wood, and stone
4. “bone, shell and fabric

Electron spin resonance dating can provide dates when used on which type of material? 

1. teeth
2. wood
3. shells
4. stone

Fluorine dating is an example of what type of dating method?                    

1. chemical
2. nonrelative
3. chronometric
4. genetic

Which of the following does not apply to foraminifera in this chapter?                                  

1. useful for tracking temperature change
2. provide for comparisons in two stable forms of oxygen: O12 and O 14
3. analysis indicates the climate associated with the appearance of the early hominins was drier and more seasonal than in previous times
4. live in the world’s oceans

The arboreal hypothesis proposes that defining primate characteristics were adaptations to life in the trees, such as:

1. grasping hands and feet, developed vision and greater intelligence
2. grasping hands, tails and intelligence
3. developed vision, greater sense of smell and tails
4. developed vision, greater sense of smell and grasping hands and feet

Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates were:            

1. plesiadapiforms
2. proconsulids
3. driopithecids
4. adapids

The Euprimates represent :                                                                    

1. the first true primates
2. the first anthropoids
3. the first true mammals
4. the first true catarrhini

The Eocene adapids and omomyids are most similar to today’s lemurs and tarsiers in what ways?

1. hind limbs and feet
2. noses and eyes
3. eyes and ears
4. hands and feet

The heel bone (calcaneus) of Eosimias suggests that it may be a very primitive:                   

1. anthropoid
2. primate
3. New World monkey
4. ape

The northern African fossil primate called Biretia may be an early anthropoid, based on the morphology of its:

1. lower premolar tooth
2. pelvis
3. skull
4. ankle

If you are examining the fossil remains fo the genus Dryopithecus, they are most likely from where?

1. France
2. India
3. Peru
4. China

Sivapithecus is widely recognized as an ancestral member of which ape lineage?

1. orangutan
2. gorilla
3. gibbon
4. chimpanzee

During the Miocene epoch of the Cenozoic Era, there was an adaptive radiation of which kind of primate?                                                                          

1. apes
2. prosimians
3. monkeys
4. humans

The most likely common ancestor of all later catarrhines and recovered from North Africa, is:

1. Aegyptopithecus
2. Parapithecus
3. Apidium
4. Oligopithecus

Which two genera may be ancestral to today’s orangutans?         

1. Gigantopithecus and Sivapithecus
2. Khoratpithecus and Gigantopithecus
3. Sivapithecus and Khoratpithecus
4. Proconsul and Carpolestes

The oldest of the Miocene apes and recovered from the continent of Africa is:                   

1. Proconsul
2. Dryopithecus
3. Aegyptopithecus
4. Apidium

The foundational behavior of hominini was:                                                                    

1. habitual bipedal locomotion
2. speech
3. hunting
4. tool use

Bipedalism’s advantages over quadrupedalism include:                                                              

1. able to see farther distances and more easily transport food
2. able to run faster
3. able to climb more efficiently
4. able to sleep more easily

The  oldest bipedal ancestors of the lineage leading to humans is currently:          

1. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
2. Paranthropus
3. Australopithecus afarensis
4. Orrorin tugenensis

Bipedalism in Sahelanthropus was determined by:                                                                       

1. position of the foramen magnum
2. shape of the pelvis
3. arch in the foot
4. length of the femur

The oldest hominid yet recovered to date comes from the country of:    

1. Ethiopia
2. Chad
3. Egypt
4. Kenya

Distinctive characteristics of robust australopithecines include:                                                

1. small front teeth and large back teeth
2. a sagittal crest
3. all of these
4. a small brain 

Which of the following does not apply to Piltdown?                                                                     

1. the fossils were discovered in England
2. fossils were given the scientific name of Eoanthropus dawsonii
3. radiocarbon dating demonstrated the fossils could not have come from the same individual
4. discovery of the Taung child begins to discredit the Piltdown fossils

Most of the early fossil hominins were recovered from three key countries in Eastern Africa:              

1. Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania
2. Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Uganda
3. Sudan, Kenya, Egypt
4. Uganda, Ethiopia, Egypt

Which of the following is incorrect regarding Laetoli?     

1. radiopotassium/potassium-argon dating
2. fossilized footprints
3. Kenya
4. australopithecines

In which kind of deposits are the hominids of South Africa frequently discovered?             

1. limestone caves
2. sedimentary sandstone
3. lava flows/basalt layers
4. mud and siltstone deposits

Which anatomical characteristic of Orrorin tugenensis was indicative of bipedal locomotion?              

1. shape of the femur
2. the shape of the pelvis
3. the elbow
4. the position of the foramen magnum

Which of the following does not pertain to Lucy?                                                           

1. fully adult female
2. Ethiopia
3. robust australopithecine
4. Australopithecus afarensis

A preaustralopithecine most likely has which of the following characteristics?      

1. modified honing chewing, primitive apelike traits and small brain
2. modified honing chewing, primitive apelike traits, increased brain size
3. nonhoning chewing, primitive apelike traits, increased brain size
4. nonhoning chewing, loss of apelike traits, small brain size