Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

C  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

D  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

A  attachment

B  planful competence

C  self-control

D  turning points

A  age of onset

B  persistence

C  escalation

D  desistance

A  Developmental Life-Course theory

B  historical context of delinquency

C  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D  delinquency and social policy

A  ascetic hostility

B  aspiration avoidance

C  social rebellion

D  status frustration

A  availability of suitable targets

B  skills necessary to engage in crime

C  presence of motivated offenders

D  absence of capable guardians

A  subjective tags

B  primary deviation

C  cumulative disadvantage

D  formal roles

A  differential association theory

B  strain theory

C  drift theory

D  control theory

A  a schizophrenic

B  a manic-depressant

C  a sociopath

D  a delusional delinquent

A  fraternal twins

B  identical twins

C  dizygotic twins

D  adopted twins

A  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

D  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

A  juvenile courts era

B  houses of refuge era

C  colonial period

D  juvenile rights era

A  community conferencing and peacemaking

B  restitution programs

C  victim-offender conferencing

D  family group conferences

A  family characteristics

B  community disorganization

C  race of offender

D  age at first conviction

A  are committed by minorities

B  are considered as status offenses

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  use drugs

B  never had an arrest record

C  have an early age of onset

D  have a later age of onset

A  aphasia

B  hyperkinesis

C  psychopathy

D  dyslexia

A  Farrington

B  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

C  Shaw and McKay

D  Travis Hirschi

A  denial of responsibility

B  denial of the victim

C  denial of family

D  appeal to higher loyalties

A  psychosexual desire

B  ego

C  id

D  superego

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  creation of juvenile boot camps

C  expanded use of curfews

D  banning of violence in video games

A  power-control thesis

B  theory of differential oppression

C  poverty oppression expression

D  Marxist perspective

A  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

D  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

A  property, violent

B  violent, property

C  violent, financial

D  financial, violent

A  social control theory

B  symbolic interaction

C  life-course criminology

D  conflict

A  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  younger than non-crossover youth

D  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

A  experimental data

B  survey data

C  cohort group

D  content analysis

A  symbolic interactionist theory

B  labeling theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  differential social control theory

A  belief

B  morals

C  attachment

D  involvement

A  Freudian

B  sensation-seeking

C  determinism

D  routine activities

A  urban utilities

B  focal concerns

C  critical dimensions

D  endemic entities

A  resistant

B  state dependent

C  persistent heterogeneity

D  cumulative

A  urban life

B  lenient courts

C  single parents

D  more guns in use

A  ritualism

B  conformity

C  retreatism

D  innovation

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Get tough policies

C  Houses of refuge

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote the development of correctional facilities

B  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

C  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Symbolic interaction

B  Conflict

C  Restorative justice

D  Labeling

A  status and wealth

B  disorganization and culture

C  economy and restraint

D  power and prestige

A  age-graded life-course perspective

B  cognitive theory

C  social control theory

D  reinforcement theory

A  increase, peak, decline

B  decrease, increase, decrease

C  peak, increase, decline

D  increase, decrease, remain stable

A  get tough mandate

B  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

A  warm and nurturing

B  similar to that of family

C  strong

D  cold and brittle

A  The reports are classified and are not made public.

B  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

C  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

D  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

A  atavism

B  utilitarianism

C  the social contract

D  positivism

A  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

B  gang members less likely to carry guns

C  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

D  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

A  gender of the offender

B  conviction for a crime before age 13

C  low family income

D  convicted siblings

A  have a lengthy record of crime

B  are arrested for less serious offenses

C  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  criminal laws

B  civil courts

C  public schools

D  radical criminology

A  religious institutions

B  family and neighborhood

C  political institutions

D  governmental agents

A  attributes of peers

B  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

C  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

D  the climate and resources within the family

A  positivism

B  the classical school

C  routine activities

D  sociobiology

A  Poverty

B  racial bias

C  class struggle

D  culture

A  hose who leave home at a young age

B  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

A  rationalization

B  systematic rewards

C  neutralization

D  social reactions

A  antisocial behavior during childhood

B  race

C  family criminality

D  low intelligence

A  anger

B  deviation

C  hostility

D  conformity

A  biological

B  psychological

C  structural

D  environmental

A  empathy development

B  anger management

C  substance abuse treatment

D  conflict resolution skills

A  validity

B  ecological fallacy

C  reliability

D  spurious association

A  compulsory public schooling

B  end of child labor

C  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

D  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

E  them