Quiz 1

A  the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

B  the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

C  the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

D  the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

A  turning points

B  self-control

C  attachment

D  planful competence

A  persistence

B  escalation

C  age of onset

D  desistance

A  Developmental Life-Course theory

B  historical context of delinquency

C  delinquency and social policy

D  parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

A  status frustration

B  ascetic hostility

C  social rebellion

D  aspiration avoidance

A  availability of suitable targets

B  skills necessary to engage in crime

C  presence of motivated offenders

D  absence of capable guardians

A  formal roles

B  subjective tags

C  primary deviation

D  cumulative disadvantage

A  control theory

B  strain theory

C  differential association theory

D  drift theory

A  a sociopath

B  a schizophrenic

C  a delusional delinquent

D  a manic-depressant

A  identical twins

B  adopted twins

C  dizygotic twins

D  fraternal twins

A  spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B  nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

C  disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

D  focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

A  houses of refuge era

B  colonial period

C  juvenile courts era

D  juvenile rights era

A  victim-offender conferencing

B  restitution programs

C  family group conferences

D  community conferencing and peacemaking

A  race of offender

B  community disorganization

C  age at first conviction

D  family characteristics

A  are considered as status offenses

B  are committed by minorities

C  are typically referred back to juvenile authorities

D  are brought to the attention of the court

A  never had an arrest record

B  have a later age of onset

C  have an early age of onset

D  use drugs

A  aphasia

B  hyperkinesis

C  dyslexia

D  psychopathy

A  Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck

B  Shaw and McKay

C  Farrington

D  Travis Hirschi

A  appeal to higher loyalties

B  denial of family

C  denial of the victim

D  denial of responsibility

A  id

B  ego

C  psychosexual desire

D  superego

A  movement toward graduated sanctions

B  creation of juvenile boot camps

C  banning of violence in video games

D  expanded use of curfews

A  Marxist perspective

B  power-control thesis

C  poverty oppression expression

D  theory of differential oppression

A  Social structure exerts pressure on individuals who cannot attain the cultural goal of success, leading them to engage in nonconforming behavior.

B  Lower-class boys are unable to attain the goals of middle-class culture, and therefore they become involved in nonutilitarian, malicious, and negative behavior.

C  Lower-class boys seek out legitimate means to attain middle-class success goals, usually through one of three specialized gang contexts.

D  Subcultures of violence exist among lower-class males and legitimize the use of violence.

A  financial, violent

B  violent, property

C  property, violent

D  violent, financial

A  symbolic interaction

B  life-course criminology

C  conflict

D  social control theory

A  African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

B  more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth

C  high percentage of crossover youth are girls

D  younger than non-crossover youth

A  survey data

B  content analysis

C  cohort group

D  experimental data

A  labeling theory

B  differential social control theory

C  theory of differential oppression

D  symbolic interactionist theory

A  belief

B  involvement

C  morals

D  attachment

A  routine activities

B  determinism

C  sensation-seeking

D  Freudian

A  urban utilities

B  critical dimensions

C  endemic entities

D  focal concerns

A  cumulative

B  state dependent

C  resistant

D  persistent heterogeneity

A  more guns in use

B  urban life

C  single parents

D  lenient courts

A  retreatism

B  ritualism

C  conformity

D  innovation

A  Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

B  Houses of refuge

C  Get tough policies

D  Evidence-based practices (EBP)

A  promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B  promote the development of correctional facilities

C  encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D  encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

A  Symbolic interaction

B  Labeling

C  Restorative justice

D  Conflict

A  disorganization and culture

B  economy and restraint

C  status and wealth

D  power and prestige

A  cognitive theory

B  reinforcement theory

C  social control theory

D  age-graded life-course perspective

A  increase, peak, decline

B  decrease, increase, decrease

C  increase, decrease, remain stable

D  peak, increase, decline

A  Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

B  1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

C  get tough mandate

D  Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

A  strong

B  warm and nurturing

C  cold and brittle

D  similar to that of family

A  The statistics overestimate the actual amount of crime.

B  The reports do not measure clearance by arrest.

C  The reports are classified and are not made public.

D  The statistics reflect official police policy rather than the amount of youth crime.

A  positivism

B  atavism

C  the social contract

D  utilitarianism

A  heavy drug users more likely to carry guns

B  more likely to live in communities with high prevalence of gun ownership

C  gang members less likely to carry guns

D  more likely to engage in serious assaults and robberies

A  conviction for a crime before age 13

B  gender of the offender

C  low family income

D  convicted siblings

A  are arrested for less serious offenses

B  are scheduled for trial after their sixteenth birthday

C  have a lengthy record of crime

D  are arrested for Part II offenses

A  civil courts

B  criminal laws

C  radical criminology

D  public schools

A  religious institutions

B  political institutions

C  governmental agents

D  family and neighborhood

A  the availability of and dependence on support systems in the community

B  attributes of peers

C  the climate and resources within the family

D  individual attributes of the child or adolescent

A  routine activities

B  positivism

C  sociobiology

D  the classical school

A  Poverty

B  culture

C  class struggle

D  racial bias

A  those who experience the greatest conflict with middle-class values

B  those who adopt the hip-hop subculture

C  those who were part of the opportunistic subculture

D  hose who leave home at a young age

A  neutralization

B  social reactions

C  systematic rewards

D  rationalization

A  low intelligence

B  family criminality

C  antisocial behavior during childhood

D  race

A  anger

B  conformity

C  deviation

D  hostility

A  biological

B  psychological

C  structural

D  environmental

A  substance abuse treatment

B  anger management

C  conflict resolution skills

D  empathy development

A  validity

B  reliability

C  spurious association

D  ecological fallacy

A  them

B  creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C  end of child labor

D  development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing

E  compulsory public schooling