Exigence refers to the motivation behind the argument (both internal and external)

1. True
2. False

Constraints are the factors that affect an audience’s responses, as well as the author’s manner of presentation that allows them to understand the material limitlessly.

1. True
2. False

The rhetorical situation is the relationships between all of the following, except:

•  
• Reader/Audience
• Author/Communicator
• Context

1. Context
2. Text/Message
3. Reader/Audience
4. Author/Communicator
5. Concept

Pathos is related to the words pathetic, sympathy and empathy, meaning that pathos is an appeal to ethics.

1. True
2. False

Pathos is an appeal to emotions!

Alliteration happens —within a sentence, when a series of words will begin with the same sound

1. True
2. False

Personal involvement does not —appeal to the reader because it makes the writer seem more human or involved and writing should be more objective.

1. True
2. False

Writing should be objective (for the most part), and so you are encouraged to not personally involved yourself in academic writing.

Using your readings for this week, find two moments where Muir uses different rhetorical devices. Quote them from the book and then take a sentence or two for each device to explain which device is being used and what kind of effect it creates for the reader.

• Example:John Muir uses metaphor throughout his pieces. For example, in “Windstorm in the Forest,” Muir says: “But the winds go to every tree, fingering every leaf and branch and furrowed bole; not one is forgotten.” This use of metaphor makes the reader understand how thoroughly the wind is blowing, but also makes it seem like it isn’t aggressive–it’s more of a caress. This paints a picture for the reader to understand that the wind has a life of its own.
  • This is not from our readings, but if you do choose to write on a metaphor, your explanation must be significantly different from the example.