__________ is the tendency for viewers to seek news that aligns with their existing ideas.

1. Narrowcasting
2. Investigative journalism
3. Selective exposure
4. Logrolling

The cozy relationship between politicians and the press in the twentieth century lasted until when?

1. the Iran Hostage Crisis
2. World War II
3. the beginning of Franklin Roosevelt’s presidency
4. the Vietnam War and Watergate

The increased number of news and infotainment options has resulted in __________ in which media outlets focus on a particular interest and aim at a particular audience.

1. investigative journalism
2. watchdog journalism
3. narrowcasting
4. selective exposure

Thomas Patterson’s careful analysis of campaign reporting has shown that since 1960, its emphasis has changed dramatically from __________.

1. negative information about the candidates to negative assessments about the parties
2. the candidates’ policy statements to the campaign as a horse race
3. covering events to covering ideas
4. sensational information about the candidates to substantive information about the issues

Which of the following is a consequence of the rise of narrowcasting?

1. Young adults are more likely than other age groups to use newspapers and broadcast media as news and information sources.
2. Young adults are less likely than other age groups to use newspapers and broadcast media as news and information sources.
3. Most Americans follow politics more frequently and with greater intensity than they follow popular culture.
4. Narrowcasting has encouraged less repetition of stories on cable news programs.

In 1960, one newspaper was sold for every two adults; by 2014, one paper was sold for every __________.

1. adult
2. three adults
3. six adults
4. ten adults

In democracies, the primary interest of publicly owned media is __________.

1. reducing recidivism
2. serving the public interest
3. promoting the government
4. entertaining viewers

The primary interest of privately owned media is __________.

1. making a profit
2. serving the public interest
3. spreading propaganda
4. informing the public

Research suggests that the overriding bias in the news is one toward stories that __________.

1. favor liberals
2. favor conservatives
3. draw the largest audience
4. put the president in a good light

As technology has enabled the media to pass along information with greater speed, news coverage has become __________.

1. more homogenous
2. less thorough
3. more objective
4. less biased

Trial balloons are used for which of the following?

1. avoiding a political reaction
2. assessing a political reaction
3. exposing media bias
4. limiting media bias

Politicians and journalists have a(n) __________ relationship: Politicians rely on journalists to get out their message, and journalists rely on politicians to keep them in the know.

1. parasitic
2. symbiotic
3. cooperative
4. antagonistic

An intentional news leak for the purpose of assessing the political reaction it generates is called a(n) __________.

1. talking head
2. press release
3. earmark
4. trial balloon

Iyengar and Kinder’s research found that TV news __________.

1. can alter the priorities Americans attach to problems depending on which stories are covered
2. has minimal effects on the public opinion of viewers
3. discourages citizens from voting by focusing on the imperfections of the democratic system
4. selects stories that are especially important to business interests

The “minimal effects hypothesis” suggested that the media have a minimal effect on __________.

1. public opinion
2. policymakers’ issue positions
3. Americans’ consumption of newspapers
4. Americans who do not watch TV

Increasing public attention to specific problems is a core feature of the media’s __________ power.

1. watchdog
2. investigative
3. agenda-setting
4. score-keeping

Policy entrepreneurs are people who invest __________ in an issue.

1. their life savings
2. financial expertise
3. political capital
4. scant attention

Civil rights activists in the 1960s used the media to show Americans the injustice of the treatment of minorities, successfully placing the civil rights issue onto the __________.

1. policy entrepreneur
2. policy agenda
3. press conference
4. news beat

Which of the following is a consequence of the rise of television broadcasting?

1. The news consumed by the American public is more entertaining than educational.
2. Individuals have a greater need for political parties to help them make decisions.
3. Groups have greater access to spread their issues and messages to the public.
4. The American public is better informed about politics and Congress is basing its opinions more on public opinion.

The media act as a __________ between the people and policymakers.

1. key linkage institution
2. general adversary
3. stakeholder
4. dividing institution

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