Text No. 2

A  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

B  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

C  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

D  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

A  a long canine tooth in males.

B  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

C  bilophodont molars.

D  a Y-5 molar pattern.

A  development of Dryopithecus.

B  spread of Sivapithecus

C  extinction of many primate species.

D  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

A  a disease pandemic.

B  a meteor impact.

C  climate change.

D  early humans hunting them for food.

A  proprimates.

B  adapids.

C  proconsulids.

D  dryopithecids

A  orangutan

B  gorilla

C  chimpanzee

D  gibbon

A  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

B  predators had the ability to see primates better.

C  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

D  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

A  anthropoid.

B  New World monkey.

C  primate.

D  ape.

A  adapids.

B  dryopithecids.

C  plesiadapiforms.

D  proconsulids.

A  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

B  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

C  any time periods in the past.

D  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

A  carbon 14

B  electron spin resonance

C  biostratigraphy

D  dendrochronology

A  isotope ratios

B  temperature estimated using any of several methods

C  weather

D  sea levels

A  ceramics

B  wooden objects

C  shells

D  bones and teeth

A  These areas provided better preservation.

B  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

C  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

D  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

A  radioisotopes

B  index fossils.

C  carbon 14.

D  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

A  shell

B  sedimentary rock

C  igneous rock

D  bone

A  fluorine analysis.

B  paleomagnetism.

C  geolayering.

D  superposition.

A  period.

B  phylogeny.

C  chronological sequence.

D  era.

A  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

B  engaging in care of young

C  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

D  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

A  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

B  some primate societies are female only.

C  some primate societies are male only.

D  several species of primates coexist socially.

A  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

B  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

C  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

D  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

A  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

B  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

C  determines male and female social hierarchy.

D  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

B  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

C  individual factors, as in humans.

D  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

A  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

B  source, quantity, and safety.

C  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

D  speed, agility, and strength.

A  adaptive radiation

B  predation

C  niche competition

D  habitat

A  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

B  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

C  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

D  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

A  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

B  None of the answers

C  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

D  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

A  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

B  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

C  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

D  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

A  a precision grip.

B  short digits.

C  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D  opposable thumbs.

A  the ability to brachiate.

B  the ability to move on four limbs.

C  adaptation to life in the savanna.

D  adaptation to life in the trees.

A  South America.

B  Madagascar.

C  Africa.

D  Asia.

A  present in catarrhine primates.

B  present in most primates.

C  made strictly of muscle.

D  present only in some platyrrhines.

A  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

D  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

B  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

C  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

D  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

A  a larger brain.

B  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  smaller eye orbits.