Final Exam

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Question #1

Criterion for causation, stating that if a relationship is causal, we would be more likely to expect to find it repeatedly in different studies and in different populations is called specificity.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #2

Criterion for causation, stating that if a relationship is causal an exposure of interest should precede a disease of interest is called temporality. (choose one best answer):

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #3

The primary purpose of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to ensure that a research study generates the highest amount of profit possible. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #4

Undue influence in a research study occurs when an offer of an excessive or inappropriate reward or other gesture is offered to obtain consent and compliance. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #5

Confounding is one of the most important problems to consider and to account for when interpreting an observed association between an exposure and a disease. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #6

In a study on the association between consuming greasy food and acne, people without acne may be more likely to forget/misremember their exposure to greasy foods than those with acne. The potential distortion in results this may lead to can be identified as a form of recall bias. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #7

In observational studies one of the main biases that may affect the results of a study is confounding.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #8

The most important criteria to assess causation is … (choose one best answer):

A the strength of the association between exposure factor and disease

B the biological plausibility of the association between exposure factor and disease

C the dose-response relationship between exposure factor and disease

D the temporal relationship between exposure factor and disease

Question #9

Four thousand persons were interviewed by telephone in California between January and June, 2008. In this single-contact study, persons were asked about their height, weight and systolic blood pressure. The researchers combined the height and weight to form the body mass index (i.e., BMI) and found that the BMI was positively associated with systolic hypertension. This study is an example of a… (choose one best answer)

A case-control study.

B cross-sectional study.

C retrospective cohort study .

D prospective cohort study.

Question #10

One of disadvantages of using hospital-based controls is … (choose one best answer):

A less cooperative

B difficult to find

C hard to recruit

D often are not representative of a general population in terms of exposure status

Question #11

The most important step in case-control studies is … (choose one best answer)

A selection of exposed

B selection of cases

C selection of controls

D selection of unexposed

Question #12

Odds ratio is a good estimate of relative risk (or risk ratio) under rare disease assumption. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #13

The National Death Registry identifies deaths anywhere in the United States if linking information is known, such as sex, race, date of birth, and social security number. All of these variables were collected by UCLA from students in the class of 1953 at the time they were enrolled. Fifty years later, their UCLA grades were used to compare mortality rates among the upper fourth versus the lower fourth of the graduating class. This study is an example of a… (choose one best answer)

A prospective (or concurrent) cohort study.

B case-control study.

C retrospective (or historical or non-concurrent) cohort study.

D cross-sectional study.

Question #14

Which of the following is not an advantage of a prospective cohort study?

A Many disease outcomes can be studied simultaneously

B Precise measurement of exposure is possible

C Recall bias is minimized compared with a case-control study

D Incidence rates can be calculated

E Many exposures can be studied simultaneously

Question #15

In a cohort study incidence in exposed and unexposed groups can be calculated and compared. (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #16

The use of a placebo in a randomized clinical trial is a form of… (choose one best answer)

A unplanned crossover

B masking exposure assignment

C factorial noncompliance

D planned crossover

Question #17

A clinical trial was done of obesity reduction by liposuction versus prescription-only diet pills (i.e., medical). Following randomization, 23% of the liposuction group changed their mind and asked their doctors for diet pills and 28% of the diet pill group changed their mind and asked for liposuction This is an example of: (choose the one best answer)

A factorial noncompliance

B stratified randomization

C unplanned crossover

D unmasking (i.e., unblinding)

Question #18

Power of the study is … (choose one best answer).

A equal to 1 – β

B called a Type I error

C None of the present choices

D called a Type II error

E called a p-value

Question #19

Sequential testing results in an increased of net specificity and loss in net sensitivity. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #20

Using a test of given sensitivity and specificity, the positive predictive value of the test typically increases as disease prevalence decreases. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #21

In a screening test for a cancer, out of 150 people tested, 20 tested positive but actually did not have disease. These 20 people could be referred to as … (choose one best answer):

A True positives

B False positives

C True negatives

D False negatives

Question #22

Case-fatality (stated as a percent) is… (choose the one best answer)

A a measure of the incidence rate of a disease

B a measure of the risk of a disease

C a measure of the mortality rate of a disease

D a measure of the duration of a disease

E a measure of the severity of a disease

Question #23

A disease that is habitually present in a population/community is defined as … (choose one best answer):

A Panzootic disease

B Pandemic disease

C Epizootic disease

D Epidemic disease

E Endemic disease

Question #24

Dengue fever is a disease caused by a virus that spreads to people mostly from the bites of a special type of mosquito, Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito). Such transmission is an example of (choose one best answer):

A indirect transmission by common vehicle

B direct transmission by common vehicle

C indirect transmission by vector

D direct transmission by person-to-person contact

Question #25

Tertiary prevention denotes the early detection of a disease to reduce its severity and complications. (choose one best answer)

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #26

Cervical cancer screening (PAP smear) is an example of secondary prevention: (choose one best answer)

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #27

In present time the three most common causes of death in the U.S. are … (choose one best answer)

A unintentional injuries, liver disease, and cancer.

B diabetes, stroke, and suicide

C heart diseases, malignant neoplasms, chronic lower respiratory diseases

D pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea and enteritis.

Question #28

Edward Jenner was able to find a vaccination against smallpox because (choose one best answer):

A his work with cowpox and cholera resulted in his being labeled the “father of variolation.”

B he randomly allocated dairy maids to “exposed” and “unexposed” smallpox groups.

C he observed that dairy maids who developed cowpox did not develop smallpox during outbreaks.

D he understood the ethics of vaccination trials and the importance of informed consent.

Question #29

John Snow’s conclusions that contaminated water was associated with cholera was based entirely on… (choose one best answer)

A knowledge of the pathogenic organism, Vibrio cholerae.

B his understanding of Jenner’s work with a cholera vaccine.

C the support of Registrar General William Farr for his hypothesis.

D observational data.

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