Exam 2

A  Decreased airway dilation

B  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

C  Metabolic acidosis

D  Dehydration

E  Decreased heart rate

A  Increased lipolysis

B  Increased breakdown of proteins

C  Increased glycogenesis

D  Increased digestive activities

E  Increased gluconeogenesis

A  Amine hormones

B  Steroids

C  Peptide hormones

D  Thyroid hormones

E  Nitric oxide

A  Insulin

B  Calcitonin

C  Somatostatin

D  Glucagon

E  Thyroid hormones

A  antagonistic effect.

B  circulating effect.

C  permissive effect.

D  synergistic effect.

E  local effect.

A  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

B  Controls growth and development

C  Regulates metabolism

D  Produces electrolytes

A  7

B  10

C  5

D  12

E  unlimited

A  autocrine.

B  paracrine.

C  circulating hormone.

D  local hormone.

A  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

B  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

E  ADH promotes water loss.

A  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

B  Prolactin and growth hormone

C  Prolactin and ACTH

D  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

E  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

A  Prolactin

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

E  Thyrotropin

A  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

B  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

C  Leutinizing hormone

D  Insulin-like growth factors

E  Prolactin

A  Muscle contraction

B  Action potentials from the thalamus

C  The peripheral nervous system

D  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

E  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

A  Reduction of inflammation

B  Glucose formation

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Protein and fat breakdown

A  Potassium

B  Manganese

C  Chloride

D  Sodium

E  Calcium

A  Somatotrophs

B  Thyrotrophs

C  Gonadotrophs

D  Corticotrophs

E  Lactotrophs

A  Luteinizing hormone

B  Growth hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Thyrotropin

A  Oxidation of iodide

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Iodide trapping

D  Iodination of tyrosine

E  Coupling of T1 and T2

A  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

B  Releasing hormones.

C  Chemical changes in the blood

D  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

E  Signals from the nervous system

A  Epinephrine release

B  Glycogenesis

C  Glycogenolysis

D  Gluconeogenesis

E  Calcitonin downregulation

A  Cyclic AMP

B  Chromatin

C  Calcium

D  Plasma proteins

E  Messenger RNA

A  Sensory

B  Central

C  Parasympathetic

D  Somatic

E  Sympathetic

A  Down-regulation

B  Up-regulation

C  Paracrine regulation

D  Sensory adaptation

E  Receptor recognition

A  Depression of immune responses

B  Increased production of all types of blood cells

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Protein and fat breakdown

E  Glucose formation

A  Human growth hormone

B  Testosterone

C  Oxytocin

D  All of these options are prime examples

E  Calcitonin

A  All of these are synergistic pairs

B  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

C  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

D  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

E  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A  Gustatory receptors

B  Photoreceptors

C  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  Olfactory receptors

A  All of these are correct answers

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  include steroids and thyroid hormone

D  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Corticotropin releasing hormone

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Growth hormone

E  Thyroid stimulating hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

B  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

D  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

E  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

A  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

B  Calcitonin

C  Glucagon

D  Thyroid hormone

E  Insulin

A  is only seen in humans.

B  is all of these choices

C  provides more accurate color vision.

D  gives better depth perception.

E  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

A  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

C  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

D  throughout the nasal cavity.

E  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

A  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

B  occurs slowly.

C  enhances gustation.

D  occurs rapidly.

E  does not occur.

A  itch.

B  pain.

C  tickle.

D  pressure.

E  temperature.

A  to sense muscle fatigue.

B  to sense changes in muscle length.

C  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

D  to sense referred pain.

A  body position.

B  pain.

C  color vision.

D  visual acuity.

E  body temperature.

A  Slow pain

B  Sympathetic pain

C  Fast pain

D  Visceral pain

E  Referred pain

A  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

B  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

D  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

E  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

A  receives information from the taste buds.

B  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

C  contains only motor neurons.

D  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

A  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

B  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

C  absorption of light by photopigments.

D  activation of amacrine cells.

A  transduction.

B  perception.

C  selectivity.

D  adaptation.

E  modality

A  osmoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  photoreceptor

E  chemoreceptor

A  organ of Corti

B  semicircular canals

C  maculae of the vestibule

D  cochlea

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  Exteroreceptors

B  Interoceptors

C  Proprioceptors

D  Nociceptors

E  None of the answers selections are correct

A  nociceptors.

B  thermoreceptors.

C  exteroreceptors.

D  proprioceptors.

E  Pacinian corpuscles.

A  vestibulocochlear nerve

B  tympanic membrane

C  pinna

D  cochlea

E  organ of Corti

A  Hundreds

B  Thousands

C  Dozens

D  One

E  None

A  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

B  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

C  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

D  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

E  All of the options listed are correct

A  Thalamus

B  Midbrain

C  Medulla oblongata

D  Spinal cord

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

B  Is called transduction

C  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

D  All of the options are correct

A  Implementation of a motor response

B  Integration of sensory input

C  Stimulus transduction

D  Generation of nerve impulse

E  Sensory Reception

A  Baroreceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Proprioreceptors

D  Thermoreceptors

E  Mechanoreceptors

A  Sugars

B  Acids

C  Bases

D  Salts

E  Alkaloids

A  Midbrain

B  Thalamus

C  Spinal cord

D  Medulla oblongata

E  Cerebral cortex

A  Organs

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Skin surface

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Skin surface

B  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

C  Organs

A  Sweet

B  Bitter

C  Sour

D  Umami

E  Salt

A  Corticospinal

B  Spinocerebellar

C  Spinothalamic

A  Nociceptor – solute concentration

B  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

C  Photoreceptor – light

D  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

E  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

A  norepinephrine and muscarine.

B  nicotine and adrenaline.

C  somatostatin and nicotine.

D  muscarine and acetylcholine.

E  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

A  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Somatic motor neurons

C  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

D  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

E  Somatosensory neurons.

A  superior sacral ganglion

B  rami communicantes

C  ventral rami

D  dorsal rami

A  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

B  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Somatic motorneurons

D  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

A  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

D  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

E  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

B  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

C  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

A  Stimulates sweat glands

B  Short preganglionic neurons

C  Ganglia primarily found in the head

D  Thoracolumbar output

A  Sympathetic

B  Autonomic ganglia

C  Parasympathetic

D  Somatic nervous system

E  Craniosacral division

A  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

B  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

C  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

D  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

E  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

A  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

B  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

C  Long preganglionic neurons

D  Sacral spinal cord output

A  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

B  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

C  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

D  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

E  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

A  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

B  Increased blood glucose level

C  Airway constriction

D  Increased heart rate

E  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

A  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

B  High levels of cortisol

C  Elevated heart rate

D  Pupil dilation

E  Elevated blood pressure

A  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

B  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

D  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

E  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

A  Emotion

B  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

C  Posture

D  Coordination

E  Balance

A  Voluntary movement

B  Intelligence

C  Both sensation and voluntary movement

D  Sensation

E  Blood

A  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

D  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

E  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

F  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Exocrine glands

B  Smooth muscle

C  Skeletal muscle

D  Endocrine glands

E  Cardiac muscle

A  increasing activity in the effector

B  decreasing activity in the effector

C  All of these options are correct

D  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

C  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Sensory neuron

B  Effector

C  Sensory receptor

D  Motor neuron

E  Integration center

A  Visceral

B  Flexor

C  Blinking

D  Stretch

E  Withdrawal

A  Poorly localized

B  Persists for a long time

C  Propagate along small-diameter fibers

D  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers