Exam 1

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Question #1

Which tract carries sensory information?

A pyramidal

B corticospinal

C reticulospinal

D spinocerebellar

Question #2

Which of the following scans provides imaging of the brain by highlighting areas of the brain with the highest fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, which corresponds to areas of highest metabolic activity?

A PET

B Ultrasound

C CT

D X-ray

Question #3

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B beta waves.

C P waves.

D theta waves.

E alpha waves.

Question #4

What type of information is carried in the descending tracts of the spinal cord?
1. Sensory
2. Motor
3. Integration

A 1 only

B Both 1 & 2

C 2 only

D 3 only

E Both 2 & 3

Question #5

This protects the brain by preventing the movement of harmful substances and pathogens from the blood into the brain tissue.

A All of these choices

B Dura mater

C Blood brain barrier

D Arachnoid mater

E Cerebrospinal fluid

Question #6

These three areas of gray matter found in each cerebral hemisphere are important in helping to control the initiation and termination of skeletal muscle movements.

A red nuclei

B lateral olivary nuclei

C autonomic ganglia

D basal nuclei

E vestibular nuclei

Question #7

These are networks of capillaries found in the walls of the ventricles of the brain that produce cerebrospinal fluid.

A Aqueduct of the midbrain

B Lateral apertures

C Interventricular foramina

D Brachial plexuses

E Choroid plexuses

Question #8

The cerebellum contains these types of neurons, which are characterized by their elaborate dendritic structure.

A Uniaxial

B Unipolar

C Astrocytes

D Purkinje

Question #9

The cell bodies of the sensory neurons that carry information from the periphery to the spinal cord are located in the

A lateral gray horn.

B central canal.

C posterior gray horn.

D anterior white commissure.

E dorsal root ganglion.

Question #10

Brain waves that generally appear during periods of sensory input and mental activity are called

A delta waves.

B beta waves.

C alpha waves.

D theta waves.

E P waves.

Question #11

Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF) is formed by the:

A choroid plexus

B arachnoid membrane

C dura mater

D limbic system

E cerebral ganglia

Question #12

Which of these locations marks the endpoint for cerebrospinal fluid before diffusing into venous blood?

A subarachnoid space

B arachnoid granulations

C choroid plexus

D 3rd ventricle

E lateral ventricles

Question #13

Which structure of the embryonic brain develops into the mature cerebrum?

A Mesencephalon

B Rhombencephelon

C Diencephalon

D Myelencephalon

E Telencephalon

Question #14

Which of the following types of tracts are used to conduct nerve impulses between gyri within the same cerebral hemisphere?

A Association tracts

B Commissural tracts

C Stria medullaris

D Mammillothalamic tracts

E Projection tracts

Question #15

Which of the following tracts are associated with axon pathways within the same hemisphere, but different gyri?

A Projection tracts

B Association tracts

C Commissural tracts

D None of the above

E All of the above

Question #16

Which of the following structures conducts nerve impulses between the two different hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A Sulci

B Pyramids

C Association tracts

D Projection tracts

E Corpus callosum

Question #17

This branch of a spinal nerve serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk.

A Rami communicantes

B Posterior ramus

C Brachial plexus

D Meningeal branch

E Anterior ramus

Question #18

Which of these structures involves the decussation of the pyramids?

A Corpus Callosum

B Cerebellum

C Medulla Oblongata

D Pons

E Cerebrum

Question #19

Which phenomenon explains increased excitability as an adaptation when post-synaptic neurons that are stimulated at high frequency?

A Summation

B Long Term Potentiation

C Substrate Phosphorylation

D IPSPs

Question #20

Which projection of the neuron receives signals?

A Axon Terminal

B Dendrites

C Cell body

D Axon

Question #21

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A inhibit a presynaptic potential

B remove a neurotransmitter

C excite a presynaptic potential

D continue a temporal summation

E stop a spatial summation

Question #22

In temporal summation, a single presynaptic neuron stimulates the creation of action potentials in a postsynaptic neuron when it

A fires at a fast enough rate that the sum of EPSPs in the postsynaptic neuron moves above threshold.

B runs out of neurotransmitter.

C recruits other presynaptic neurons to begin to fire.

D fires at a steady rate that allows the postsynaptic neuron to return to resting potential.

E stops firing long enough to allow the postsynaptic neuron to recover.

Question #23

A polarized cell

A has a charge imbalance across its membrane.

B All of these choices are correct.

C includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.

D exhibits a membrane potential.

E includes most cells of the body.

Question #24

Which of the following is also known as adrenaline?

A Serotonin

B Epinephrine

C Dopamine

D Norepinephrine

Question #25

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the cell body region?

A dendrite

B nodes of Ranvier

C choroid plexus

D axon

E Schwann cells

Question #26

In an action potential, the current that flows down the axon of a neuron is generated by the movement of ______ across the membrane.

A electrons

B ions

C neutrons

D protons

E free radicals

Question #27

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus

A Relative refractory period

B Latent period

C Absolute refractory period

D All of these choices

Question #28

Which of the types of junctions is responsible for the impermeability of the blood-brain barrier?

A Desmosomes

B Tight junctions

C Anchoring junctions

D Gap junctions

Question #29

Which part of the neuron conducts the electrical signal away from the
cell body region?

A schwann cells

B dendrite

C nodes of Ranvier

D axon

E choroid plexus

Question #30

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nervous system?

A Motor function

B All are functions of the nervous system

C Integrative function

D Sensory function

Question #31

An excitatory neurotransmitter _________ the postsynaptic membrane.

A moves across channels in

B hyperpolarizes

C depolarizes

D does not affect the polarity of

E repolarizes

Question #32

IPSP stands for

A inhibitory presynaptic potential.

B inhibitory presynaptic summation potential

C none of these choices

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

E inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential

Question #33

Which of the two modes of transmission is the fastest?

A Electrical synapse

B Chemical synapse

Question #34

The resting membrane potential in cells is primarily influenced by the permeability of this ion:

A Na+

B Fe2+

C Cl-

D K¬+

E Ca2+

Question #35

What best explains the presence of the hyperpolarization phase?

A Activation of the Na+/K+/ATP pump

B Closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels

C Firing of a second action potential

D K+ channels are open longer than Na+ channels

E Release of neurotransmitter

Question #36

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A at the trigger zone.

B in the dendrites.

C in the neuroplasm.

D in the neuron nucleus

E in the synaptic cleft.

Question #37

During an action potential, the diffusion of _______ causes it to depolarize.

A K+ into the cell

B Na+ out of the cell

C K+ out of the cell

D Na+ into the cell

Question #38

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A voltage-gated Ca+2 channels open rapidly.

B voltage-gated Na+ channels open rapidly.

C ligand-gated Na+ channels close rapidly.

D ligand-gated Ca+2 channels close rapidly.

E none of these choices occur.

Question #39

Saltatory conduction

A Happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na+ channels

B Occurs only in myelinated axons

C Fires as a result of a subthreshold graded potential

D Can occur in unmyelinated axons

Question #40

The critical voltage at which the membrane potential must be depolarized in order to cause an action potential is called the:

A Threshold potential

B Receptor potential

C Electrical refractory period

D Excitatory postsynaptic potential

E Resting membrane potential

Question #41

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A EPSPs

B water-filled channels in its membrane

C All the choices are correct

D either EPSPs or IPSPs

E IPSPs

Question #42

Which of the following are ways to remove a transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

A Enzymatic degradation only

B Enzymatic degradation and Diffusion

C Enzymatic degradation, Diffusion and Reuptake at axon terminal

D Reuptake at axon terminal only

Question #43

In the process of spatial summation, ______ are added together and _____ are subtracted from that total to determine whether _____ will be created at the trigger zone of the postsynaptic neuron.

A EPSPs; IPSPs; graded potentials

B IPSPs; EPSPs; action potentials

C IPSPs; action potentials; EPSPs

D EPSPs; action potentials; IPSPs

E EPSPs; IPSPs; action potentials

Question #44

The resting membrane potential in neurons ranges from:

A –40 to –90 mV

B +5 to 100 mV

C –25 to –70 mV

D None of these choices

E –90 to 5 mV

Question #45

Na+/K+ -ATPase (sodium-potassium pump) is considered to be an electrogenic (produces a change in membrane potential) pump because

A The sodium ions are negatively charged

B It contributes to the negativity of the resting membrane potential

C It exhibits low permeability

D All of the above are correct

Question #46

Which of the following would decrease the speed of action potential propagation?

A Decreased temperature

B Increased diameter of axon

C Decreased stimulus strength

D Lower amplitude of action potential

E More myelin sheathing

Question #47

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A electrical synapses

B voltage-gated channels

C ligand-gated channels

D mechanically-gated channels

E chemical synapses

Question #48

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed by the

A limbic system

B cerebral ganglia

C arachnoid membrane

D choroid plexus

E dura mater

Question #49

Which of the three types of muscle cells would be multi-nucleated?

A Skeletal

B Smooth

C Cardiac

Question #50

Epithelial tissue

A is used as a covering of body surfaces.

B is used to form glands.

C usually has a free surface that interacts with external environment.

D All of these Answer choices are correct.

E is used as a lining of body cavities and hollow organs.

Question #51

Examples of exocrine glands include all of the following except

A Bile

B Saliva

C Breastmilk

D Hormones

E Sweat

Question #52

Blood belongs to which of the following tissue classifications?

A Connective

B Adipose

C Epithelial

D Nervous

E Muscle

Question #53

All of the following are the main tissue classifications, except for

A Muscle

B Adipose

C Nervous

D Epithelial

E Connective

Question #54

This type of epithelial tissue is found lining the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels.

A Stratified squamous epithelium

B Stratified cuboidal epithelium

C Simple squamous epithelium

D Simple columnar epithelium

E Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue?

A Cartilage

B Epidermis

C Tendons

D Blood

E Bone

Question #56

The extracellular matrix of blood tissue consists of

A white blood cells.

B red blood cells.

C lymph.

D plasma.

E albumin.

Question #57

Which of the following describes a single layer of flat epithelial cells?

A Simple cuboidal

B Stratified columnar

C Stratified squamous

E Transitional

F Simple squamous

Question #58

The two principal types of cells found in nervous tissues are

A neurons and somites.

B neuroglial cells and neurons.

C neuroglial cells and myofibers.

D neurons and mast cells.

Question #59

Where would you not expect to find stratified squamous epithelial cells?

A Skin

B Esophagus

C Blood-brain barrier

D Mouth lining

Question #60

The reaction: ADP + Pi + energy -> ATP, is called:

A transcription

B Phosphorylation

C Deamination

D Emancipation

Question #61

Oxidation is

A The addition of electrons

B The removal of electrons

C None of these choices

D The removal of protons

E The addition of protons

Question #62

The step in which pyruvate is shuttled into the mitochondria and converted to acetyl CoA is called

A Glycolysis

B Krebs cycle

C Transition reaction

D Electron transport chain

Question #63

A cell requires ATP for all of the following processes EXCEPT:

A contraction

B active transport

C cell division

D osmosis

E protein synthesis

Question #64

The Electron Transport System is located in the

A cytoplasm

B endoplasmic reticulum

C mitochondria

D nucleolus

E golgi complex

Question #65

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A Reduction of NAD+ and FADH+

B production of carbon dioxide

C formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

D generation of ATP

Question #66

Which of the following are electron donators in the electron transport chain?

A NADH

B FADH2

C NADH and FADH2

D All of these are electron acceptors

E H+

Question #67

Substrate phosphorylation occurs in what step of cellular respiration?

A Glycolysis

B Electron transport system

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D Protein synthesis

Question #68

C6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATPC6H12O6+6O2⟶6CO2+6H2O+36ATP
In the above equation, the oxygen atom in 6H2O6H2O originates from which molecule?

A Glucose

B Magic

C Carbon dioxide

D Oxygen

Question #69

Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in

A Protein synthesis

B Glycolysis

C Formation of acetyl-CoA

D The Krebs cycle

E Electron transport system

Question #70

Which describes the conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules through pyruvic acid to glucose?

A Decarboxylation

B Oxidation

C Gluconeogenesis

D Glycogenolysis

E Carbonification

Question #71

Hydrolysis of ATP is what type of reaction?

A Endergonic

B Erythropoetic

C Ergonomic

D Exergonic

Question #72

Which one of the following reactions does NOT occur in the Krebs cycle?

A production of carbon dioxide

B production of reduced coenzymes

C generation of ATP

D formation of lactic acid in the absence of oxygen

E All of these occur in the Krebs cycle

Question #73

Which of the following is considered anaerobic?

A Transition reaction

B Electron transport chain

C Krebs cycle

D Glycolysis

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