Chapter 3 Marine Provinces

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  95%

B  90%

C  85%

D  65%

E  75%

A  Fracture zone

B  Neither

C  Transform fault

A  Neither

B  Transform fault

C  Fracture zone

A  Seaknolls

B  Nemataths

C  Fracture zone

D  Guyots

E  Transform fault

A  Fracture zone

B  Nemataths

C  Transform fault

D  Seaknolls

E  Guyots

A  Hydrothermal vent

B  Deep focus earthquake

C  Rift valley

D  Black smoker

E  White smoker

A  Pillow basalts

B  Trenches

C  Metal sulfide deposits

D  Rift valley

E  Seamounts

A  Rift valley

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seafloor spreading

D  Oceanic rise

E  Oceanic ridge

A  associated with hydrothermal vents.

B  located in submarine canyons.

C  parallel to the rift valley.

D  perpendicular to the ridge axis.

A  influenced by underwater boundary currents.

B  perpendicular to the direction of plate movement.

C  associated with turbidity currents.

D  in the same direction as the plates are spreading.

E  in the same direction as the ridge offset.

A  black smokers.

B  cold seeps.

C  abyssal hills.

D  white smokers.

E  turbidity currents.

A  convergent plate boundaries.

B  oceanic rises.

C  fracture zones.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  transform faults.

A  hydrothermal vents.

B  transform faults.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  deep-sea trenches.

E  fracture zones.

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The steep deepest part below sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The shallowest slope below sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep segment above sea level

A  The steep segment above sea level

B  The gentle slope above sea level

C  The long and flat part below sea level

D  The shallowest slope below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  The shallowest slope below sea level

B  The steep segment above sea level

C  The gentle slope above sea level

D  The long and flat part below sea level

E  The steep deepest part below sea level

A  sedimentary

B  collisional

C  volcanic

D  metamorphic

E  erosional

A  Undersea streams

B  Suspension settling

C  Turbidity currents

D  Precipitation

E  Melting icebergs

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  transform plate boundaries

B  convergent and divergent plate boundaries

C  divergent plate boundaries

D  convergent and transform plate boundaries

E  convergent plate boundaries

A  deep sea trench

B  transform fault

C  island arc

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  hotspot

A  hotspot

B  transform fault

C  island arc

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  deep sea trench

A  3 miles

B  1 mile

C  4 miles

D  5 miles

E  2 miles

A  granitic

B  andesitic

C  basaltic

D  rhyolitic

A  39%

B  29%

C  44%

D  33%

E  23%

A  46,000

B  40,000

C  55,000

D  60,000

E  50,000

A  50

B  60

C  65

D  85

E  75

A  Oxygen

B  Nitrogen

C  Hydrogen sulfide

D  Hydrogen sulfate

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  86 to 662 degrees Fahrenheit

B  Below 86 degrees Fahrenheit

C  Above 662 degrees Fahrenheit

A  San Andreas Fault

B  Alpine Fault

C  Mendocino Fracture

D  Dead Sea Fault

A  Islands associated with volcanic activity along the mid-ocean ridge (such as Ascension Island along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

B  Islands that are island arcs and associated with convergent plant boundaries (such as Japanese archipelago).

C  Islands that are parts of continents (such as British Isles)

D  Islands associated with hotspots (such as Hawaiian islands)

A  central rift valley

B  hydrothermal vent

C  seismic fissure

D  transform fault

E  fracture zone

A  parts of continents separated from continents

B  formed at high-standing areas of mid-ocean ridges

C  volcanic in origin

D  formed at hotspots as lithospheric plates pass over mantle plumes

E  parts of volcanic island arcs

A  5000-6000 m below sea level

B  0-1000 m above sea level

C  1000-2000 m above sea level

D  3000-4000 m below sea level

E  4000-5000 m below sea level

A  Warm-water vents

B  White smoker

C  Black smoker

D  Hot springs

E  Geothermal heat pump

A  Submarine canyon

B  Rift valley

C  Volcanic arc

D  Trench

E  Oceanic rise

A  The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

B  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

C  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the volume of water in the oceans is greater than the volume of water in lakes and glaciers.

D  The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the ocean floor is more than 4 kilometers deep.
The hypsographic curve shows that the average depth of the ocean is about four times the average height of the continents.
The hypsographic curve shows the percentage of Earth’s surface area that is covered by ocean waters.
The hypsographic curve shows that a majority of the exposed land is below 1 kilometer in elevation.

A  Thick layers of sediment, hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, and a trench

B  A trench, a central rift valley, hydrothermal vents, and thick layers of sediment

C  Hydrothermal vents, a central rift valley, basalt volcanism and pillow lavas, and volcanoes

D  Volcanoes and trench

A  African and Indian

B  Arabian and African

C  Nazca and South American

D  Eurasian and North American

E  The Dead Sea Fault is a fracture zone and therefore does not separate two plates.

A  New Zealand

B  near Egypt

C  Alaska

D  California

E  The Alps

A  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

B  Transform faults are perpendicular to the ridge axis, whereas fracture zones are parallel to the ridge axis.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.
Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.

C  The Dead Sea Fault is an example of a transform fault.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.
Crust on both sides of a fracture zone moves in the same direction.

D  Earthquakes are common along transform faults and fracture zones.
A transform fault is a plate boundary, whereas a fracture zone is not.

A  Juan De Fuca

B  Hawaii

C  Alpine Fault

D  San Andreas Fault

E  Mendocino

A  along the ridge axis where two plates converge

B  along the fracture zones

C  along the ridge axis and along transform faults that offset the axis of the ridge

D  along the ridge axis and along any offsets, including fracture zone and transform fault segments

E  along the mid-ocean ridge axis

A  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

B  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.

C  Offsets occur where two plates slide past each other.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Transform faults run parallel to the mid-ocean ridge axis.

D  Segments of a mid-ocean ridge are initially aligned.Transform faults form when different segments spread at different rates.
Offsets include both inactive and active segments.
Fracture zones occur where two plates are locally colliding

A  Corals deep in the ocean can survive because they are warmed by seamounts instead of the sun.  The atoll consists of layers of coral reef alive at the surface and near seamount vents.

B  The coral reef once formed around an active volcano.  The reef became a barrier reef, with hard skeletons of previous colonies acting as the scaffolding for new ones on top.  The volcano gradually sank into sea, moving with the plate it rested on, as the coral continued to grow upward, leaving the atoll as a ring structure at the top.

C  Pieces of coral from other reefs are carried farther out into the ocean, where they act like seeds and start new coral reefs.  These corals quickly grow up into the warmer parts of the ocean where they thrive and form round atolls as a means of trapping warmer water around them.

D  Sea currents circulate nutrients to the reef deeper than 45 meters and provide a rigid force to keep the coral reef at the surface.

A  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

B  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.

C  Even though turbidite deposits are missing, it is most likely a submarine canyon because it runs parallel to the continental margin.
It is most likely a rift valley.
It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the margins of the Pacific Ocean.

D  It is most likely a deep-ocean trench because they are common along the active continental margins.
The feature was most likely caused by one oceanic crust subducting under a leading edge of a continent.
It is most likely a rift valley.

A  mid-ocean ridges.

B  Submarine canyons

C  turbidity currents

D  Ring of Fire.

A  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

B  continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs …

C  Submarine canyons ….Ring of Fire

D  volcanic island arcs …mid-ocean ridges

A  volcanic island arcs….mid-ocean ridges

B  Continental volcanic arcs …volcanic island arcs

C  turbidity currents….Submarine canyons

D  Submarine canyons … turbidity currents…

A  continental volcanic arcs

B  Ring of Fire

C  mid-ocean ridges

D  Submarine canyons

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  At convergent plate boundaries

B  At transform plate boundaries

C  At submarine canyons

D  At the intraplate abyssal plains

E  At divergent plate boundaries

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Southern Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  < 5,000

B  15,000 to 20,000

C  > 20,000

D  5,000 to 10,000

E  10,000 to 15,000

A  Black smokers

B  Precipitation

C  Undersea streams

D  Melting icebergs

E  Suspension settling

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Pacific Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Arctic Ocean

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

C  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  guyot

B  abyssal hill

C  seaknoll

D  nematath

E  island

A  islands

B  nemataths

C  guyots

D  seaknolls

E  seamounts

A  islands

B  seamounts

C  seaknolls

D  guyots

E  nemataths

A  seaknolls

B  seamounts

C  guyots

D  nemataths

E  islands

A  erosional

B  volcanic

C  seismic

D  metamorphic

E  sedimentary

A  erosional

B  volcanic

C  sedimentary

D  metamorphic

E  seismic

A  Ocean trench

B  Volcanic arc

C  Continental arc

D  Passive margin

E  Island arc

A  Submarine canyon

B  Abyssal hill

C  Seamount

D  Tablemount

E  Abyssal plain

A  spreading centers.

B  deep-sea trenches.

C  mid-ocean ridges.

D  fracture zones.

E  hydrothermal vents.

A  seamounts.

B  tablemounts.

C  oceanic trenches.

D  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

E  oceanic ridges.

A  oceanic trenches.

B  tablemounts.

C  abyssal hills or seaknolls.

D  oceanic ridges.

E  seamounts.

A  seamounts.

B  oceanic trenches.

C  oceanic ridges.

D  tablemounts.

E  submarine canyons.

A  the presence of seamounts.

B  the absence of convergent active margins.

C  the presence of convergent active margins.

D  All of the answers are correct.

E  its smaller size compared to other ocean basins.

A  abyssal hills.

B  continental shelves.

C  continental slopes.

D  abyssal plains.

E  tablemounts.

A  mid-ocean ridge

B  hotspot

C  rift valley

D  transform fault

E  island arc

A  hotspot

B  island arc

C  transform fault

D  mid-ocean ridge

E  rift valley

A  Pacific Ocean

B  Indian Ocean

C  Southern Ocean

D  Atlantic Ocean

A  one-fifth

B  one-quarter

C  one-half

D  one-third

A  Rise

B  Slope

C  Abyssal plain

D  Shelf

A  Seamounds

B  Seaknolls

C  Seahills

D  Seaknobs

A  Atlantic Ocean

B  Southern Ocean

C  Arctic Ocean

D  Pacific Ocean

E  Indian Ocean

A  Abyssal hill

B  Seamount

C  Tablemount

A  Southern Ocean

B  Arctic Ocean

C  Atlantic Ocean

D  Indian Ocean

E  Pacific Ocean

A  Peru-Chile

B  Mariana

C  Middle America

D  Aleutian

E  Kuril

A  Mariana

B  Peru-Chile

C  Kuril

D  Middle America

E  Aleutian

A  Southern

B  Atlantic

C  Indian

D  Arctic

E  Pacific

A  abyssal plains

B  submarine fans

C  shallow islands in tropical seas

D  the continental shelf

E  the continental slope and rise

A  rivers do not carry much sediment into the Pacific

B  turbidity currents are rare in the Pacific, so little sediment is carried down the continental slopes

C  the Pacific Ocean is too large for those features to form

D  sediment is trapped within the trenches of the convergent plate boundaries ringing the Pacific

E  the numerous volcanoes of the Pacific rim and islands prevent normal sedimentation

A  continental slope

B  continental borderland

C  continental shelf

D  continental rise

E  abyssal plain

A  Trenches occur only in the Pacific Ocean. Submarine canyons occur in all oceans.

B  Trenches are formed by erosive currents. Submarine canyons are drowned, ancient river valleys.

C  Trenches are only located along active margins. Submarine canyons are only located along passive margins.

D  Trenches descend deep beyond the abyssal plains. Submarine canyons are part of the shallower continental margins.

A  the Pacific Ring of Fire, narrow or no continental shelves, volcanic arcs and active continental margins, subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

B  the Pacific Ring of Fire, very deep-ocean water depths, and the mid-ocean ridge

C  the mid-ocean ridge, the Pacific Ring of Fire, and narrow or no continental shelves

D  volcanic arcs and active continental margins and the mid-ocean ridge

E  subduction zones and associated faults, and very deep-ocean water depths

A  Graded Bedding

B  Suspension Deposits

C  Sandstone Layering

D  Nonconformities

E  Turbidity Currents

A  Rift-valley sediments found within the depression at mid-ocean ridges

B  Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris

C  Metal-rich deposits that form on the flanks of submarine volcanoes

D  Muddy water brought to the ocean by rivers and streams to form a delta

E  Turbid water that kills coral and other photosynthesizing creatures by blocking light

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal plain

C  Continental rise

D  Shoreline

E  Continental slope

A  Shoreline

B  Continental slope

C  Continental rise

D  Continental shelf

E  Abyssal plain

A  A large parking lot

B  A beginners ski hill

C  A soap box derby course

D  An Olympic toboggan track

E  The continental slope

A  two to five degrees

B  one to two degrees

C  greater than five degrees

D  one-half to one degree

E  a tenth of a degree

A  Hot spot volcanism forming a chain of islands and seamounts

B  Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading

C  Subduction of oceanic crust and submarine volcanic activity

D  The closing of an ancient sea to form a salt rich lake

E  Transform faulting along a continental margin or a mid-ocean ridge

A  East Coast of Japan

B  West Coast of Chile

C  Southern Coast of Alaska

D  West Coast of Mexico

E  East Coast of the United States

A  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

A  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

B  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

C  The assertion is correct but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion is incorrect but the reason is correct.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

A  Continental shelf

B  Continental slope

C  Continental flood basalt

D  Continental rise

E  Abyssal plain

A  Graded bedding

B  Abyssal plains

C  Turbidite deposits

D  Deep-sea fans

E  Turbidity currents

A  Continental rise

B  Continental slope

C  Abyssal hill

D  Continental shelf

E  Shelf break

A  Transform active margin

B  Active margin

C  Continental margin

D  Rift valley

E  Convergent active margin

A  scouring by glaciers during the last ice age.

B  earthquake activity.

C  erosion by major rivers in the past.

D  erosion by turbidity currents.

E  deposition of terrestrial sediment.

A  turbidite deposits.

B  deep sea fans.

C  graded bedding.

D  white smokers.

E  turbidity currents.

A  abyssal plain.

B  mid-ocean ridge.

C  continental slope.

D  continental rise.

E  trench.

A  Continental slope

B  Continental rise

C  Continental shelf

D  Submarine canyon

E  Fracture zone

A  Volcanic and earthquake activity

B  Thin sediment accumulation

C  Broad continental shelves

D  Deep-sea trenches

E  Chains of islands

A  No sediment accumulation

B  Broad continental shelves

C  Deep-sea trenches

D  Shallow coastal waters

E  Sparse earthquake activity

A  shelf, slope, rise, abyssal plain.

B  abyssal plain, shelf, slope, rise.

C  rise, abyssal plain, slope, shelf.

D  slope, rise, shelf, abyssal plain.

E  abyssal plain, rise, slope, shelf.

A  Mid-ocean ridge

B  Continental margins

C  Deep-ocean basin

A  Continental-continental convergent

B  Oceanic-continental convergent

C  Oceanic-oceanic convergent

D  Oceanic-oceanic divergent

A  Convergent

B  Divergent

C  Transform

A  Granite

B  Peridotite

C  Basalt

D  Rhyolite

A  80

B  60

C  20

D  40

E  100

A  20

B  5

C  25

D  10

E  15

A  L

B  V

C  Y

D  U

E  T

A  upward

B  downward

C  no change

D  sideways

A  Continental shelf

B  Abyssal plains

C  Continental slope

D  Tablemountas

E  Continental rise

A  Himalayan

B  Andes

C  Chilean

D  Cascades

A  Slope

B  Rise

C  Abyssal plain

D  Shelf

A  submarine canyons were cut by streams during ice ages when the continental shelves were above sea level

B  turbidity currents carry large particles farther than smaller, lighter particles

C  glaciers deposited sediments on continental shelves

D  turbidity currents are triggered by earthquakes

E  large, heavy particles settle out first as current velocity decreases

A  near an offshore fault

B  lacking a continental rise

C  seismically active

D  far from an oceanic ridge

E  a continental borderland

A  Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

B  Turbidity currents are episodic events (they don’t occur all the time, but only every so often, like a flash flood).
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

C  Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.
Turbidity currents are highly erosive and carve submarine canyons.
The material carried by turbidity currents is what builds deep-sea fans.

D  Turbidity currents move sediment down the continental shelf and the continental slope to be deposited on the continental rise.
Turbidity currents are composed of low-density water that sinks and follows the shape of the sea floor.

A  An abundance of earthquake activity and volcanic eruptions and pillow lavas

B  An abundance of earthquake activity and a wide continental shelf

C  A continental rise and a wide continental shelf

D  A deep-ocean trench and an abundance of earthquake activity

A  The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time.
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults

B  Major climate changes, such as ice ages.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge

C  Major climate changes, such as ice ages
Trench formation at convergent boundaries
Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults
Large fluctuations in sea level over geologic time

D  Tectonic activity produced by offshore faults.
The creation of pillow lavas along the mid-ocean ridge.
Trench formation at convergent boundaries

A  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents occur at regular intervals.

B  Deep-sea fans are composed of numerous layers of turbidite deposits that can reach thicknesses of 2 kilometers or more (1.2 miles or more).
Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.

C  Submarine canyons cut into the continental slope of passive and active continental margins.
Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.

D  Submarine canyons cut into the continenal margin parallel to the coastline.
Turbidity currents are slow, gently moving currents of water and sediment.

A  delta

B  deep-sea fans

C  along the upper walls of a submarine canyon

D  abyssal plain

E  continental shelf

A  Convergent active margins have a more extensive continental rise.

B  Transform active margins will have a trench, whereas passive margins will not.

C  Convergent active margins will have a steep continental slope, whereas passive margins will have a more gradual slope.

D  Convergent active margins have continental borderlands associated with basins and islands along the coast, whereas passive margins have a flat continental shelf.

E  Passive margins have narrower continental shelves.

A  narrow continental shelf and trench

B  continental rise and Flat coastal terrain

C  narrow continental shelf, trench, and continental rise

D  ridge and continental rise

A  east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

B  west coast of Africa and east coast of Brazil

C  west coast of Africa, east coast of Brazil and east coast of the United States

D  west coast of Chile and west coast of the United States

A  The Abyssal Plain is the highest elevated plain on Earth.

B  The Abyssal Plain is an underwater landmass that extends from a continent.

C  The Abyssal Plain is the name of the Great Plains region of the United States.

D  The Abyssal Plain is the vast, deep, generally flat surface that covers most of the ocean floor.

E  The Abyssal Plain, located in central Asia, is the largest land surface plain in the world.

A  The largest canyon on the planet is Copper Canyon.

B  The largest canyon on the planet is the Agadir Canyon.

C  The largest canyon on the planet is called the Zhemchug Canyon.

D  The largest canyon on the planet is the Grand Canyon.

E  The largest canyon on the planet is the Hudson Canyon.

A  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of agriculture.

B  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of oil.

C  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of its fishing grounds.

D  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of gold and silver deposits.

E  The continental shelf is one of the most valuable places on Earth because of methane hydrates.

A  Ireland

B  United States

C  France

D  Canada

E  Iceland

A  grand layering

B  graded bedding

C  velocity profile

D  rip current

E  layered stratum

A  shaking speed

B  density stratification

C  settling velocity

D  slosh speed

E  wave size

A  Turbidity currents make the continental slope less steep.

B  Turbidity currents are erosive to the continental slope and, as a result, carve out submarine canyons.

C  Turbidity currents transport liquid oil reserves to the continental slope.

D  Turbidity currents are rather small, so they essentially have no effect on the continental slope.

E  Turbidity currents heat up the surrounding seawater above the continental slope.

A  microscopic floating marine life

B  brown algae

C  suspended sediment

D  air bubbles

E  water currents

A  a candle

B  a can of soda

C  a balloon

D  Silly Putty

E  a large jar filled with water and sediment

A  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as fine material and become coarser upward

C  repeated sequences of lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

D  repeated sequences of graded bedding that begin as coarse material and become finer upward

A  lateral bedding containing mostly fine material mixed with coarse material

B  lateral bedding containing mostly coarse material mixed with fine material

C  graded bedding that begins as coarse material and becomes finer upward

D  graded bedding that begins as fine material and becomes coarser upward

A  somewhat frequently

B  very frequently

C  infrequently

A  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move downslope.

B  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move downslope.

C  Turbidity currents deposit material in canyons as currents move upslope.

D  Turbidity currents erode material from canyons as currents move upslope.

A  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds down submarine canyons

B  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds down submarine canyons

C  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at low speeds up submarine canyons

D  dense mixtures of sand, mud, and other debris that move at high speeds up submarine canyons

A  It would take 0.23 s.

B  It would take 0.46 s.

C  It would take 700 s.

D  It would take 0.93 s.

E  It would take 2.15 s.

A  The ocean depth is 18,084 m.

B  The ocean depth is 6 m.

C  The ocean depth is 4521 m.

D  The ocean depth is 9042 m.

E  The ocean depth is 1507 m.

A  mid-ocean ridge and deep-sea fan

B  tablemount and basin

C  tablemount and deep-sea fan

D  basin and trench

A  trench and basin

B  mid-ocean ridge and abyssal hill

C  seamount and mid-ocean ridge

D  mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hill and seamount

A  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

B  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

C  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of light

D  by multiplying the return time of the radar pulse from the sea floor to the satellite by the speed of light

E  by dividing the return time of the radar pulse from the sea surface to the satellite by the speed of sound in water

A  seawater temperature, gravity and ocean circulation

B  biological productivity and seawater salinity

C  biological productivity, seawater salinity and gravity

D  ocean circulation and seawater salinity

A  seafloor age

B  depth to the ocean floor

C  location of faults on the ocean floor

D  height of the sea surface

E  depth of seafloor sediments

A  Side-scan Sonar

B  Sounding

C  Multibeam Sonar

D  Seismic Reflection

E  Magnetometer

A  Meter

B  League

C  Mile

D  Foot

E  Fathom

A  Multibeam Sonar

B  Sounding

C  Seismic Reflection

D  Magnetometer

E  Side-scan Sonar

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

E  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

A  The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.

B  The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct.

C  The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.

D  Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.

E  The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.

A  kilometers

B  millimeters

C  meters

D  centimeters

E  decimeters

A  Precision depth recorder (PDR)

B  SeaBeam

C  Sea MARC

D  Global positioning system (GPS)

E  GLORIA

A  continental mountains and abyssal plains.

B  continental slopes and deep-sea trenches.

C  continental mountains and mid-ocean ridges.

D  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and mid-ocean ridges.

E  some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.

A  they can’t cover areas where ships have not produced surveys

B  they are affected by surface weather

C  they are inexpensive to build and launch

D  they can only “see” small areas of the seafloor at one time

E  the shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor

A  light waves.

B  direct observation.

C  satellite observation.

D  sound waves (specifically seismic reflecting profiling).

E  drilling.

A  Odyssey

B  HMS Challenger

C  Comet

D  Meteor

A  6

B  5

C  3

D  7

E  4

A  Red Sea

B  Atlantic Ocean

C  Pacific Ocean

D  Mediterranean Sea

A  Meteor

B  Odyssey

C  Comet

D  Challenger

A  1970s

B  1960s

C  1950s

D  1980s

A  4,945 feet per second

B  4,970 feet per second

C  4,925 feet per second

D  5,000 feet per second

A  pressure and salinity

B  temperature and pressure

C  salinity

D  salinity, temperature and pressure

A  Beep

B  Chirp

C  Ping

D  Echo

A  TOPEX

B  CryoSat-2

C  Jason-1

D  Geosat

E  Jason-2

A  GLORIA

B  SeaWiFS

C  precision-depth recorder (PDR)

D  Seabeam

E  SeaMARC

A  density differences of ocean waters

B  the amount of time it takes for a radar pulse to travel from the satellite to the sea floor

C  calculations of how much water versus rock there is at any ocean location

D  sea surface elevation, which varies depending on the shape of the underlying sea floor

E  water temperature, which is higher in areas of shallow ocean waters and can easily be detected by satellites

A  biological activity

B  erosion and weathering

C  extreme pressure at depth

D  plate tectonic processes

E  ocean currents

A  3000 meters

B  5550 meters

C  7400 meters

D  4550 meters

E  11,100 meters

A  tomography

B  cartography

C  hydrology

D  navigation

E  bathymetry

A  Multibeam echo sounder

B  Seismic reflection

C  Precision depth recorder

D  Satellite altimetry

E  Side-scan sonar

A  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.

B  Nearly 80% of the ocean floor has been accurately mapped using sonar from ships.
Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.

C  Only about 20% of the sea floor has been accurately mapped in detail.
Measurements of sea surface elevation by satellites are used to produce maps of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

D  Satellites can be used to determine the structure and composition of the sea floor.
Multibeam surveys from ships produce very detailed maps of the sea floor.

A  Measuring seawater clarity, Sending sound through water (sonar), and Direct visitation of the sea floor

B  Sending sound through water (sonar), Direct visitation of the sea floor, Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Recording many depths using a long cable

C  Using satellites to measure the sea surface and Measuring seawater clarity

A  transform fault on land and tablemount

B  seamount and transform fault on land

C  ridge axis, shipwreck, seamount and tablemount

A  Coastal water depths surrounding Greenland have not yet been well documented and deep ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to melt.

B  Scientists are looking for shipping lanes to get to the Arctic Ocean and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

C  Coastal water depth determines how many icebergs form and deep-ocean currents cause coastal glaciers to grow.

A  less expensive and more accurate

B  more accurate, provides information about seafloor composition, more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

C  less expensive and more detailed

D  more detailed and provides a swath of measurements with each sweep of the seafloor

A  3014 meters (9888.5 feet)

B  5 meters (16.4 feet)

C  1507 meters (4944 feet)

D  3767.5 meters (12,360.5 feet)

E  7535 meters (24,721 feet)

A  the study of ocean productivity

B  the study of the temperature of the ocean

C  the study of ocean currents

D  the study of marine mammals

E  the study of the depth of the ocean

A  The oceanic ridges have a cleft, or rift, in the middle rather than a peak.

B  The oceanic ridges have a broad, flat top very much resembling a table top.

C  Ocean ridges are unique to the Pacific Ocean.

D  They discovered a chain of very tall volcanoes in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean that do not rise higher than the sea surface.

E  Ocean ridges abruptly stop after a few hundred kilometers and then start again after a few hundred more.

A  Data could not be collected for parts of the ocean that were greater than 10,000 feet deep.

B  The data they used came from tracks of ships that overlapped each other.

C  There were gaps in the data that were used to make the map because the tracks of the ships collecting the data were widely spaced.

D  They were limited by the mapping technology of the time.

E  They were given only a small portion of the depth data by the Navy. The rest was classified.

A  There are ridges in the middle of the ocean basin floors.

B  There are ridges near the edges of the oceans, a few hundred miles from the edges of each of the continents.

C  Ocean floors and continental areas are morphologically very similar to each other.

D  Ocean basins are very flat features.

A  Satellites

B  Lidar

C  Echo sounder

D  Radar

E  Aerial photography

A  The sinking of the Titanic

B  Conflicts over maritime (ocean) territorial claims during the 1970s

C  The creation of NASA

D  The importance of submarine warfare during World War II

E  The laying of undersea telegraph lines between the United States and Europe

A  identification of the organisms found in a mud sample collected from the sea floor

B  navigation to determine the position of the ship

C  vertical analysis of water chemistry (such as determination of seawater oxygen, pH, and temperature)

D  DNA analysis of marine organisms

E  identification of bottom-dwelling marine organisms caught in an otter trawl net as part of a long-term study about changes in populations over time

A  rocking vehicle

B  rolling violently

C  research vessel

D  recumbent vehicle

E  repair vessel