Navigation » List of Schools » East Los Angeles College » Physiology » Physiology 001 – Introduction to Human Physiology » Summer 2021 » Exam 4 Chapter 13 and 14 (2)
Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:
Question #1
A Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+.
B Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys.
C When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases.
D Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract.
E In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes.
Question #2
A They would be at risk of alveolar collapse due to too much surface tension in the alveoli.
B None of these would occur.
C They would be at risk of bacterial infections in the lungs.
D They would be more likely to have coughing fits.
E They would be at risk of autoimmune diseases with lung complications.
Question #3
A Collecting duct
B Ascending loop of Henle
C Proximal convoluted tubule
D Glomerulus
E Distal convoluted tubule
Question #4
A Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia.
B Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
C Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia.
D Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia.
E “Anemic hypoxia” refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2.
Question #5
A Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure.
B Intrapleural pressure becomes less negative.
C Lung volume decreases.
D Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
E The diaphragm relaxes.
Question #6
A By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct.
B It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
C When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitial fluid and water follows, concentrating the urine.
D By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitial fluid, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present.
E It transports urea from the medullary interstitial fluid into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine.
Question #7
A The hemoglobin molecules will have the same affinity for oxygen at both locations.
B The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the gastrocnemius compared to the biceps brachii.
C The hemoglobin molecules may denature as they pass by the gastrocnemius.
D The hemoglobin molecules will have a higher affinity for oxygen as they pass by the biceps brachii compared to the gastrocnemius.
Question #8
A It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine.
B It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells.
C It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland.
D Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone.
E It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine.
Question #9
A Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system.
B Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2.
C Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating.
D Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2.
E Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting.
Question #10
A In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid.
B In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
C In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2.
D In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
E In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions.
Question #11
A The H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
B The H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
C Stretch receptors in the lung
D The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors
E The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors
Question #12
A respiratory alkalosis.
B respiratory acidosis.
C metabolic alkalosis.
D metabolic acidosis.
Question #13
A Bound to hemoglobin
B As dissolved HCO3-
C As carbonic anhydrase
D As dissolved CO2
E As H2CO3
Question #14
A the increase in pH has made your blood dangerously alkaline.
B the autorhymthic cells in your diaphragm contracting.
C the increase in plasma H+.
D the decrease in O2 available to the cells of the body.
Question #15
A The glomerular capillaries
B The juxtaglomerular apparatus
C The efferent arteriole
D The proximal tubule
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #16
A High volume of dilute urine
B Very concentrated urine
C The excretion of glucose in the urine increased
D A reduction in urine volume
E An increase in blood pressure
Question #17
A Pneumothorax
B Exhalation/expiration
C Emphysema
D Inhalation/inspiration
E A collapsed lung
Question #18
A Inflammation of the bronchioles
B Elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure
C Lack of pulmonary surfactant
D Loss of alveoli
E Environmental chemicals that stimulate β2-adrenergic receptors
Question #19
A As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly.
B At normal resting systemic arterial PO2, hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen.
C More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg.
D At normal resting systemic venous PO2, only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin.
E The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin.
Question #20
A The collecting ducts
B The distal convoluted tubule
C The descending limb of the loop of Henle
D The proximal tubule
E The ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #21
A By decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
B By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
C By increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption
D Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone
E By increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption
Question #22
A A muscarinic agonist
B A β2-adrenergic agonist
C Histamine
D Pulmonary surfactant
E A β2-adrenergic antagonist
Question #23
A Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes
B Increased pH of the blood
C The presence of carbon monoxide
D Increased temperature of the blood
E Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood
Question #24
A filtered; reabsorbed; secreted
B filtered; secreted; reabsorbed
C reabsorbed; filtered; secreted
D reabsorbed; secreted; filtered
E secreted; reabsorbed; filtered
Question #25
A Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule.
B Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
C Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule.
D Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps.
E Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts.
Question #26
A Bound to myoglobin
B Dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes
C Dissolved in the plasma
D Bound to hemoglobin
E Converted to HCO3-
Question #27
A Alveolar PO2 decreases.
B No change from sea level, as long as we breathe in the same volume of air.
C Alveolar PO2 increases.
Question #28
A No change to pH is expected in this circumstance.
B pH will decrease.
C It is impossible to predict the effect on pH without first understanding why metabolism decreased.
D pH will increase.
Question #29
A Glucose
B Sodium
C Urea
D Bicarbonate ion
E Plasma protein
Question #30
A Proximal tubule
B Distal convoluted tubule
C Cortical collecting duct
D Macula densa
E
F Descending limb of the loop of Henle
Question #31
A Cortical peritubular capillaries
B Vasa recta
C Afferent arterioles
D Collecting ducts
E Efferent arterioles
F
Question #32
A Na+
B Water
C HPO42-
D K+
E Glucose
Question #33
A The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin.
B Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient.
C Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow.
D Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle.
E Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient.
Question #34
A Phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles
B Lining the pleural space
C Secretion of mucus
D Production of surfactant
E Make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli
Question #35
A Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
B Increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
C Decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
D Increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-]
E Decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-]
Question #36
A Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption.
B Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
C Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate.
D Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron.
E Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule.
Question #37
A Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood
B Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood
C Secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney
D Secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver
E Secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary
Question #38
A Ca2+
B H+
C K+
D Glucose
E HPO42-
Question #39
A Increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
B Increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
C Decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3-
D Increasing excretion of CO2
E Decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3-
Question #40
A The distal convoluted tubule
B The glomerulus
C The proximal convoluted tubule
D The loop of Henle
E The collecting duct
Question #41
A It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure.
B It is lower than alveolar pressure.
C It is between +5 and +10 mmHg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity.
D During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure.
E It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale.
Question #42
A decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water
B decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water
C decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+
D increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+
E increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water
Question #43
A H2O and O2
B H2O and CO
C H+ and HCO3-
D CO2 and O2
E H2O and CO2
Question #44
A isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
B isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic
C isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic
D isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic
E isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic
Question #45
A renal vein; peritubular capillaries
B efferent arterioles; proximal convoluted tubules
C afferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
D efferent arterioles; glomerular capillaries
E efferent arterioles; Bowman’s capsule
Question #46
A All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered.
B The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration.
C The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration.
D The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum.
E The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s space opposes filtration.
Question #47
A The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production.
B When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism.
C Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration.
D Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration.
E H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine.
Question #48
A A drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme
B A drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen
C A drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis
D A drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor
E A drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles
Question #49
A Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable.
B The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption.
C Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells.
D The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption.
E The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient.
Question #50
A Kidneys
B The atria of the heart
C Liver
D Adrenal glands
E Systemic and pulmonary blood vessels