Exam 3

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Question #1

Don Marquis’ argument is an argument from analogy

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #2

Leviathan was written by John Locke

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

Carol Gilligan accepts the theory of moral development in stages developed by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #4

Aristotle wrote that true friendship is based on

A The sharing of common interests

B The mutual pursuit of happiness

C The sharing of the same basic nature

D The mutual recognition of goodness in each other

Question #5

Immanuel Kant developed a hedonistic calculus

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #6

Which philosopher argues that individuals should realize their human potential through productive work that exercises their capacities?

A Jean Jacques Rousseau

B Karl Marx

C John Locke

D Immanuel Kant

Question #7

Mill’s central concern in On Liberty is freedom of the individual

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #8

Ethical relativism denies the existence of a single, universally applicable moral standard.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #9

Hobbes believed that nothing could be unjust in a war of all against all

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #10

Aquinas defended the principle of double effect.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #11

Bentham was a utilitarian

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #12

Hobbes and Locke were both social contract theoriests

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #13

Hobbes believed that the authority of the state was based on a social contract

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #14

What philosopher argues that killing an adult human being is wrong because it deprives one of a fundamental good: one’s own future with all its experiences, activities, projects, and enjoyments?

A Jane English

B Immanuel Kant

C Richard Hare

D Don Marquis

Question #15

Who believed that justice was the name for certain important social utilities?

A Rawls

B Kant

C Mill

D Hegel

Question #16

The psychologist Carol Gilligan argued that

A children whose parents had more education had higher levels of moral development

B Women tend to approach ethics differently than men

C All children employ the same ethical principles

D women tend to approach ethics by focusing on being impartial

Question #17

Which philosopher argued that a law is nothing more than a command issued by a ruler, backed by threats of punishment, and maintained by a habit of obedience?

A John Austin

B Karl Marx

C John Rawls

D John Stuart Mill

Question #18

Which philosopher argues that in a just society work burdens should be distributed according to ability and benefits should be distributed according to need?

A Marx

B Plato

C Nozick

D Rawls

Question #19

Ethics is the study of

A Knowledge

B Religion

C Metaphysics

D Morality

Question #20

David Hume argued that

A There is no legitimate authority for government

B The government must have absolute power

C Government derives its authority from God

D Governments are formed by conquest or succession

Question #21

Aristotle developed an early version of virtue ethics.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #22

Epicurus was a hedonist

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #23

Thomas Hobbes and John Locke agree that

A The government derives its power from God

B The government must have absolute power in order to prevent chaos

C Rationality enables human beings to perceive the necessity of forming a state

D Prior to the formation of government we have no rights

Question #24

The view that in a just society each individual will be given equal share of benefits and burdens is

A Strict egalitarianism

B Substantive egalitarianism

C Rawlsian equality

D Formal equality

Question #25

Thomas Jefferson was a disciple of

A Hobbes

B Rousseau

C Locke

D Plato

Question #26

Which two needs does Hobbes believe drive human action?

A Survival and love of others

B Love of others and desire for peace

C Personal gain and survival

D Personal gain and love of others

Question #27

Which of the following philosophers was a hedonist?

A Aristotle

B Epicurus

C Plato

D Harry Browne

Question #28

Basic to the doctrines of Buddhism are the

A Noble Commands

B Four Noble Truths

C Three Noble Commands

D Five Noble Truths

Question #29

Feuerbach held that philosophy is the science of

A Morality

B Truth

C Religion

D Reality

Question #30

Who developed the categorical imperative?

A Kant

B Aristotle

C Aquinas

D Mill

Question #31

Nel Noddings’ book Caring agrees with Kant that caring for others must be based on a firm sense of moral obligations and not on feelings.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #32

Carol Gilligan believed that moral development for a woman was marked by progress toward more adequate ways of caring for herself and others.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #33

Which philosopher defined a right as a justified entitlement or claim on others?

A Martin Luther King Jr.

B H.J. McCloskey

C Thomas Jefferson

D Michael Sandel

Question #34

Contract theory says that individuals give up certain rights and liberties to the state, which guarantees other rights

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #35

Conditional pacifists hold that war is always wrong

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #36

Plato discussed three active principles in each person: reason, spirit, and anger.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #37

Who said that the state was “prior to the individual”?

A Rawls

B Locke

C Aristotle

D Hobbes

Question #38

Epicurus was concerned with sober thinking

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #39

David Hume endorsed social contract theory

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #40

Epictetus was concerned only with appearances.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #41

What did Hobbes believe rulers should use to form the wills of their subjects?

A Kindness

B Reason

C Safety

D Terror

Question #42

What 1973 Supreme Court case ruled that the government may not make laws restricting abortions performed during the first six months of pregnancy?

A Webster v. Reproductive Health Services

B Roe v. Wade

C Plessy v. Fergusen

D Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

Question #43

Rawls’ difference principle states that

A Social and economic inequalities should be arranged to the benefit of the least advantaged

B Society should not control the distribution of wealth

C There should be no differences in people’s economic status

D The market should determine the difference in people’s economic rewards

Question #44

What philosopher argues that sexual acts that exclude the possibility of procreation are unnatural and therefore morally wrong?

A Aristotle

B James Rachel

C John Finnis

D Donald Levy

Question #45

Divine command theory is a(n) __________ ethical theory

A Consequentialist

B Non-consequentialist

C Deontological

D Utilitarian

Question #46

What philosopher associated justice with merit, in the sense that individuals are treated and given a station in life according to their talents and accomplishments?

A Rawls

B Hegel

C Plato

D Aristotle

Question #47

John Locke rejected the view that consent could be tacit

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #48

The utilitarian ethics of Bentham and Mill is a version of

A Consequentialist ethics

B Deontological ethics

C Virtue ethics

D Divine command theory

Question #49

What view holds that different societies or cultures have different moralities?

A Ethical relativism

B Descriptive relativism

C Rule utilitarianism

D Ethical absolutism

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