Chapter 17 Post Test

A  All; the federal government

B  The vast majority of; the federal government and local governments, while state governments contribute a relatively small amount

C  The vast majority of; state and local governments, while the federal government contributes a relatively small amount

D  All; state governments

A  shortages in the timber industry.

B  foreclosures.

C  a scarcity of affordable housing.

D  sharp rises in house prices.

A  maintained the same role for the federal government in elementary and secondary education that existed between 1791 and 2001.

B  created a new source of governmental power—the Department of Education—that is a combination of federal, state, and local authorities.

C  substantially increased the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education.

D  substantially decreased the federal government’s role in elementary and secondary education.

A  higher homeownership by minorities and other previously underprivileged groups.

B  poorer public health outcomes, especially in rural communities and those areas without hospitals.

C  more ready access to higher education.

D  discrimination against minorities and worsening patterns of residential segregation.

A  the middle class

B  the wealthy

C  the elderly

D  children and the working poor

A  children

B  the elderly

C  single mothers

D  African Americans

A  Identifying a problem that requires a government solution.

B  Passing a solution through the government process.

C  Presenting the viable policy alternatives.

D  Fending off legal challenges to a solution.

A  indexing.

B  “retreating and reloading.”

C  venue shopping.

D  means testing.

A  women are more likely to be poor than men.

B  the wage gap between men and women has become much larger during the last 50 years.

C  women have become less likely over time to fall below the federal poverty line.

D  women benefit more from federal antipoverty programs.

A  7%

B  1%

C  40%

D  16%

A  Medicaid, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and the Troubled Assets Relief Program.

B  the Affordable Care Act, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program.

C  the home mortgage deduction, the state and local tax deduction, and the deduction for charitable contributions.

D  Social Security, Medicare, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families.

A  children

B  the middle class and the elderly

C  the working poor

D  racial and ethnic minorities

A  Republicans successfully repealed the ACA and replaced it with a more market-oriented health care system.

B  Republicans fashioned a bill that passed both the House and Senate and would have repealed the ACA in its entirety, but President Trump vetoed it over political concerns.

C  Lacking control of either house of Congress, Republicans were unable to repeal the ACA.

D  Despite having control of both Congress and the presidency, Republicans were unable to pass any repeal of the ACA.

A  has been toward more state and local government control and influence.

B  had initially been decentralizing policy to the states, but recently has been toward more federal government control.

C  has been toward more federal government control and influence.

D  had initially been toward more federal government control, but recently education policy has been decentralized to the states.

A  “in the black.”

B  “underwater.”

C  “sequestered.”

D  “in the green.”

A  Housing assistance for low-income Americans shifting away from housing vouchers, and mixed-income units were replaced with high-rise public housing units.

B  ending mortgage interest deductions for homeowners and instituting higher caps for rent-controlled apartments

C  Housing assistance for low-income Americans shifted toward housing vouchers, and high-rise public housing units were replaced with new mixed-income units.

D  ending mortgage interest deductions for homeowners and instituting lower caps for rent-controlled apartments

A  Medicare

B  Social Security

C  Medicaid

D  the Affordable Care Act

A  is the main lobbying organizations of doctors.

B  is in charge of monitoring outbreaks of disease and implementing prevention measures at the federal level.

C  Consists of federal agencies in charge of biomedical research.

D  consists of federal agencies in charge of implementing government-run health care and the Affordable Care Act’s individual mandate.

A  launching the first federally funded charter schools.

B  focusing on higher standards rather than equal opportunity.

C  eliminating the Department of Education.

D  decreasing federal funding for public schools, especially those in rural locations.

A  It is a process by which companies can maximize their profit through shielding revenue from taxation.

B  It is when the government offers a tax break or tax credit for behavior it wants to encourage.

C  It is something that Congress has approved an appropriation from the general revenue fund to pay for.

D  It is a loophole through which people can pay previous taxes without suffering any penalties.

A  indexed payment.

B  contributory program.

C  in-kind benefit.

D  tax expenditure.

A  Social Security is introduced, then Medicare is introduced, and finally welfare reform creates the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program.

B  Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is created, then Social Security is created, and finally the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created.

C  Medicare is introduced, then Social Security is partially privatized, and finally the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created.

D  The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program is created, then Social Security is partially privatized, and finally Medicare is created.

A  Programs that the government runs so that investments are channeled to companies that can best provide for individuals during times of need.

B  Programs that individuals may opt to invest in so that they have more income should they ever need it during future crises.

C  Programs that people are required to contribute to that are designed to provide economic assistance to individuals in times of need.

D  Private programs that provide funding to the government during tough budgetary times.

A  Social Security reform

B  the war on terrorism

C  education

D  tax reform

A  1942

B  1933

C  1888

D  1965

A  food stamps

B  Temporary Assistance to Needy Families

C  Medicare

D  Medicaid

A  revealing that poverty could be caused by a flawed economic system, not just by personal irresponsibility.

B  demonstrating that the government could choose between the deserving and undeserving poor in a more objective manner than private charities.

C  showing that government was not as capable of taking care of the poor as private charities.

D  showing that the government could efficiently distribute public assistance.

A  Medicare

B  food stamps

C  public housing assistance

D  Social Security

A  tax breaks—credits, deductions, and preferential tax rates that subsidize social welfare

B  the welfare payments that the government is committed to paying in the future

C  private charities that have filled the gap left by reductions in government spending

D  the welfare that is distributed by local governments and special districts

A  cost-of-living adjustments

B  tax breaks

C  food stamps

D  soup kitchens supported by local churches

A  noncontributory; state governments only

B  contributory; state governments only

C  contributory; federal and state governments

D  noncontributory; federal and state governments

A  economic tabulating.

B  means testing.

C  graphing.

D  indexing.

A  redistribute income from well-off to less-well-off workers.

B  redistribute income from the elderly to the young.

C  provide every worker with an equal amount of income.

D  redistribute income from less-well-off workers to well-off workers.

A  1919

B  1904

C  1935

D  1965

A  bread lines and soup kitchens

B  a place to sleep at night

C  cash payments

D  a temporary job

A  a provision that outlawed all standardized testing in K–12 schools and a provision that mandated busing to integrate racially homogenous schools

B  a provision that mandated a standardized national test to evaluate all K–12 students and a provision that created federally run “scholarship academies” for low-income students who scored highly on the national tests

C  a provision that required schools to provide tutoring, longer school days, and additional summer school and a provision that allowed parents of children in failing schools to transfer their children to better schools

D  a provision that mandated a standardized national test to evaluate all K–12 students and a provision that provided scholarships for students in failing public schools to attend private schools

A  the middle and upper classes

B  the working class and unions

C  the elderly and the retired

D  children and recent college graduates

A  problems, policies, and politics

B  budgets, ballots, and battlegrounds

C  grievances, groups, and governments

D  language, legislators, and laws

A  there are no longer enough poor children to make a difference.

B  American political values tend to discount the needs of youth.

C  children cannot vote.

D  children are a group that earns no income and can therefore not afford lobbyists.

A  has been means tested.

B  is actively looking for a job.

C  is caring for children.

D  has been considered deserving.

A    

B  Great Depression.

C  Civil War.

D  Vietnam War.

E  housing crash of 2008.

A  Tuition has gone up substantially, as has monetary support from the federal and state government.

B  Colleges now rely more on donors and grants from private foundations and less on tuition and state support.

C    

D  States have reduced funding for higher education, and tuition has increased substantially to compensate.

E  States now pay more toward higher education, but the federal government pays less.

A  the federal government and outlawed any attempts by state governments to disaggregate

B  state governments but maintained the federal requirement that schools provide

C  state governments but outlawed the federal requirement that schools provide

D  the federal government but created a new requirement that schools disaggregate

A  the large population growth stemming from legal and illegal immigration between 1990 and 2005.

B  the increased demand for housing that resulted from a dramatic loosening of lending standards.

C  the federal government’s decision to quadruple the mortgage interest deduction in 2003.

D  innovations in construction technology that allowed for new homes to be built at drastically reduced costs.

A  their employers.

B  Medicare.

C  Medicaid.

D  the Affordable Care Act.

A  provide low-cost rental units for the poor.

B  promote home ownership.

C  reduce homelessness.

D  provide uniform housing safety standards.

A  publicly funded schools that are free to design special curricula.

B  private schools that are funded with tax vouchers.

C  schools that a district uses as the median by which to judge test scores.

D  private schools run by large corporations.

A  required that all school districts devote at least 200 hours of instruction to students each year using federally approved curriculum.

B  cut federal funding for school districts that performed poorly on the Department of Education’s measures of student success.

C  guaranteed that 10% of all federal revenue would be spent each year on elementary and secondary education.

D  offered federal funds for school districts with substantial numbers of children from unemployed or low-income families.

A  tax expenditures.

B  means-tested programs.

C  discretionary spending.

D  in-kind benefits.

A  Medicare

B  Unemployment insurance

C  Social Security

D  Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

A  Today’s workers save money in a personal account for their future retirement.

B  Today’s workers pay for the Social Security payments to today’s retirees.

C  Corporations set aside money to pay for their workers retirement in the future.

D  Medical coverage is provided to any retirees, for a fee.

A  the Earned Income Tax Credit

B  the Supplemental Nutritional Assistance Program

C  the mortgage interest deduction

D  Medicare

A  1930s.

B  1910s.

C  1890s.

D  1950s.

A  the programs were completely taken over by the federal government rather than having input from state and local governments.

B  the programs were completely taken over by state and local governments rather than having input from the federal government.

C  federal judges frequently ruled them to be unconstitutional.

D  many Americans came to believe that welfare recipients did not want to work.

A  required to reside in the United States for five years before they can receive Medicaid benefits.

B  required to reside in the United States for 15 years before they can receive Medicaid benefits.

C  never allowed to receive Medicaid benefits.

D  eligible to receive Medicaid benefits as soon as they arrive in the United States.

A  vary widely across states but are required to be slightly above

B  vary widely across states but are always below

C  are the same in every state and are always below

D  are the same in every state and are slightly above

A  contributory

B  in-kind

C  means-tested

D  indexed

A  food stamps for those who fall under the poverty line.

B  survivor benefits to those whose parents die or become disabled.

C  health care benefits to those whose jobs do not provide it.

D  unemployment compensation for those who lose their jobs.

A  ensure a basic income to all workers once they retire.

B  guarantee affordable housing for the elderly and the disabled.

C  provide health insurance for the elderly and the disabled.

D  cover the basic living expenses of Americans who are permanently or temporarily unemployed.

A  were unable to get the necessary government licenses to operate legally.

B  would make subjective decisions on who was deserving of aid.

C  disrupted the constitutional separation of church and state.

D  often kept donations for their own private use.