Lecture Exam 2

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

B  atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

C    

D  a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels

E  atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones

F  atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss ofnegative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels

A  The subject will remain euthyroid.

B  The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH.

C  There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).

D  The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced.

E  The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Testing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone

B  Testing plasma levels of follicle-stimulating hormone

C  Testing plasma levels of cortisol

D  Testing plasma levels of dopamine

E  Testing plasma levels of growth hormone

A  In the cytoplasm

B  On the cell surface

C  Any of these might be places where the receptor could be found.

D  In the blood stream

A  Progesterone

B  Thyroid hormone

C  Estrogen

D  Oxytocin

E  Growth hormone

A  Bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites

B  Liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum

C  Embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue

D  Skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae

E  Blood, dissolved within the plasma

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Inhibiting the release of prolactin

B  Stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

C  Inhibiting the release of growth hormone

D  Inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females

E  Stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)

A  Prolactin

B  Insulin-like growth factor 1

C  Follicle-stimulating hormone

D  Cortisol

E  ACTH

A  bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex.

B  begin in the cortex of the cerebellum.

C  are descending motor pathways.

D  consist of many interneurons linked synaptically.

E  are composed of alpha motor neurons.

A  Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

B  Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neuronsto extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.

C  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

D  Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.

E  Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  They are innervated by alpha motor neurons.

B  They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors.

C  Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons.

D  When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles.

E  They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  It helps to coordinate body movements.

B  It is important in maintaining posture.

C  It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

D  It helps to coordinate body movements. It is important in maintaining posture. It receives input from sensory pathways. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints.

E  It receives input from sensory pathways.

A  An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.

B  A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.

C  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.

D  A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.

E  A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.

A  sarcomeres do not significantly shorten.

B  tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle.

C  the whole muscle shortens.

D  H zones shorten.

E  tetanus occurs.

A  actin.

B  tropomyosin.

C  the thick filament.

D  myosin.

E  troponin.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle.

B  They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca 2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca 2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

C  They manufacture and store ATP.

D  They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere.

E  They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run)

B  Just the first few seconds of exercise

C  No effects on her running

D  Every moment of Sarah’s runs

E  All muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run)

A  can only be excited, and not inhibited.

B  have many gap junctions between cells.

C  generally have individual innervation of each cell.

D  respond to stretch by relaxing.

E  have abundant T-tubules.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  She is thinking about food.

B  She fell asleep.

C  She is talking.

D  She has opened her eyes and is taking in visual information.

E  She is moving.

A  slow-wave sleep.

B  neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep.

C  both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep.

D  paradoxical sleep.

A  A person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking.

B  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces.

C  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces” are true.

D  A person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia.

E  Both “a person with damage only to Broca’s area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking” and “a person with damage only to Wernicke’s area of the brain will have motor aphasia” are true.

A  is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals.

B  is due to receptor fatigue.

C  is due to denaturation of the receptor.

D  can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type.

E  is permanent.

A  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased, brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake, brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state and the person is easily aroused

B  brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state.

C  brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake.

D  the person is easily aroused.

E  skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  cone cells.

B  lateral geniculate cells.

C  ganglion cells.

D  bipolar cells.

E  rod cells.

A  Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory.

B  Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

C  Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the “ON pathway,” rods are not.

D  Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells.

E  Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them.

A  cone cells.

B  lateral geniculate cells.

C  bipolar cells.

D  ganglion cells.

E  rod cells.

A  Nociceptors

B  Chemoreceptors

C  Photoreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

A  somatosensory cortex

B  limbic system

C  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

D  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  baroreceptors.

B  hair cells.

C  nociceptors.

D  somatic receptors.

E  Pacinian corpuscles.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Voltage-gated Na + channels are opened.

B  The Na +, K + pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell.

C  The permeability to K + increases greatly while that to Na + decreases.

D  ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak.

E  The permeability to Na + increases greatly.

A  dyenin proteins.

B  proteins associated with synaptic vesicles.

C  lysosomal proteins.

D  smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

E  kinesin proteins.

A  acts asa neuromodulator.

B  has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles.

C  has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations.

D  is a catecholamine neurotransmitter.

E  is a neuropeptide.

A  None of the answer choices are correct

B  Drowsiness

C  Muscle relaxation

D  Muscle cell twitches (contractions)

E  Muscle paralysis

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane.

B  Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins.

C  Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system.

D  Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.

E  Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes.