Exam 2

A  Women’s bodies are objectified in our society and women are constantly bombarded with images and messages that they must be thin.

B  Adolescents are not considered prime targets for advertising.

C  Women receive conflicting messages of what the “ideal” woman is.

D  Teen girls today are growing up in a toxic culture and are at risk for a number of problems and disorders.

A  all schools in the United States emphasize critical thinking skills today.

B  there is equal funding in schools across the United States.

C  there is a discrepancy in funding of public education in the United States and some schools lack resources and offer few opportunities for educational success for their students.

D  teacher expectations do not affect students’ performance.

A  stated that the offenders utilized impression management techniques and techniques of neutralization (such as denial of victim) to avoid being labeled.

B  presented data from a study in which the research method utilized was interviews and the sample included convicted white-collar offenders.

C  found that all of the offenders stated that profit motive and extraordinary circumstances due to their employment difficulties were NOT factors in their criminal activity.

D  found that offenders went through a process of transformation of their identities.

A  Cyberfeminism

B  Symbolic Interactionism

C  Exchange Theory

D  Structural Functionalism

A  The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another.

B  The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements.

C  When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.

D  Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.

A  Symbolic Interactionism

B  Structural Functionalism

C  Conflict Theory

D  Cyberfeminism

A  $1.52

B  55 cents

C  92 cents

D  77 cents

A  Homophobia

B  A double standard

C  Gender identity

D  A misunderstanding

A  Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

B  Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with.

C  Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy.

D  Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females.

A  Conflict theory

B  Symbolic interactionism

C  Functionalism

D  Feminism

A  The social construction of race

B  Affirmative action

C  White privilege

D  Intersection theory

A  No longer in existence

B  Not biologically identifiable

C  Biologically identifiable

D  A product of the media

A  Feminism

B  Grade inflation

C  Tracking

D  Manifest function

A  GPA debt

B  Academic bribing

C  Grade inflation

D  Systematic grading

A  Symbolic interactionism

B  Conflict theory

C  Functionalism

D  Feminist theory

A  Conflict theory

B  Functionalism

C  Symbolic interactionism

D  None of the above

A  Men and women who are married experience less abuse, than those who are cohabitating.

B  Men and women who are married feel empowered to report abuse, thus the statistics we have on IPV between married couples are very accurate.

C  Men and women who are married experience considerably more abuse, than those who are cohabitating.

D  Men and women who are married prefer to seek therapy and counseling for their problems rather than hitting, punching, or screaming.

A  Men were granted more freedom and often allowed to work from home which put more strain on their marital relationships, and which also coincided with women becoming more educated and more aware of their legal rights.

B  Most people divorcing in the 1960’s grew up during World War II and struggled to make the austerity of their childhood correlate with their more abundant and fruitful lifestyles in the 1960’s.

C  There was an increase in women working outside of the home, and also, greater social acceptance of divorce.

D  The 1960’s saw the birth of the zero-tolerance concept, which many men and women applied to their marriages, and which, many in society thought a great idea.

A  Many women fear having children too early and, consequently, having to give up a good career.

B  Most men spend at least a year traveling the world to get a better understanding of the world, and consequently, don’t want to be tied down by a wife.

C  Most people in the Millennial generation are caring for their aging parents and do not have time for long term, serious relationships.

D  Many young people place education and career higher than marriage on their list of priorities.

A  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have the exact same divorce rate as the people who don’t cohabitate until marriage.

B  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly lower divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.

C  It does not matter because divorce occurs when two people are incompatible and does not depend on how long people have lived with each other.

D  Cohabitating, unmarried partners have a slightly higher divorce rate after they get married than those who don’t cohabitate until after marriage.

A  Sociologist try to keep the definition open so that people who walk by each other on the street are a family.

B  Sociologists only consider people who live in the same household to be a family.

C  Sociologists only consider traditional marriage as a requirement to be a family.

D  Sociologists try to keep the definition open to encompass all types of people who are emotionally close to each other.

A  Continuity theory

B  Exchange theory

C  Age stratification theory

D  Modernization theory

A  As people age, they think less and less about being married to their spouse, and more about their individuality.

B  As people age, they begin to lose their friends and family and spend their last days mourning their losses.

C  As people age, they generally withdraw from all forms of society.

D  As people age, they disengage with their friends in order to spend more time with their families.

A  It is the comparison of working people to non-working people.

B  It is the comparison of children to parents.

C  It is the comparison of healthcare professionals to the elderly.

D  It is the comparison of grandparents to parents.

A  Gray is culturally considered beautiful and thus people are bleaching their hair.

B  The greatest part of the population is reaching the age of 65 and entering old age.

C  With industrialization and the building of big cities, there is very little green nature left and everything is the color of steel.

D  People are living under so much stress now, that they are going gray early.

A  Symbolic Interactionist

B  Conflict

C  Functionalist

D  Cyberfeminist

A  Computer lag

B  New media

C  Technological pause

D  Digital divide

A  The regulation and enforcement of norms.

B  A label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual.

C  A system that has the authority to make decisions based on law.

D  An arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society’s members base their daily lives.

A  Argues that morality is based on wealth.

B  Asserts that motivation and personal responsibility are the key factors in living a healthy lifestyle.

C  States individuals learn deviant behavior from those close to them who provide models of and opportunities for deviance.

D  Addresses the relationship between having socially acceptable goals and having socially acceptable means to reach those goals.

A  Differential association

B  Control theory

C  Strain theory

D  Labeling theory

A  The regulation and enforcement of norms.

B  The act of notifying authorities when criminal acts are occurring.

C  Social reward for the violation of norms.

D  A violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law.

A  Labeling theory

B  Differential association theory

C  Strain theory

D  Opaque theory

A  Age is dependent upon one’s individual attitude and personality.

B  Age has a similar meaning in most societies.

C  Age is dependent on one’s physical appearance.

D  Age is socially constructed.

A  matriarchy

B  gender stratification

C  sexual harassment

D  sex-typing

A  gender tracking

B  political correctness

C  feminization of the workplace

D  affirmative action

A  providing child care service for working parents and the hidden curriculum

B  teaching computer literacy, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system

C  teaching knowledge and skills, cultural transmission of values, social integration

D  teaching the three Rs, the hidden curriculum, reproducing the social class system

A  middle-age fatherhood

B  child neglect

C  serial fatherhood

D  child abuse

A  the feminist perspective

B  the symbolic interactionist perspective

C  the functionalist perspective

D  the conflict perspective

A  Middle class parents are more likely to stress language use, the development of reasoning skills, and negotiation.

B  Working class and poor parents are more likely to emphasize natural growth, provide basic support, and are more likely to give directives to their children.

C  Middle class parents are likely to raise their children by methods of concerted cultivation.

D  all of the above were noted in the research findings.

A  parents’ education level and occupation.

B  being male or female and one’s race.

C  all are factors of one’s playing field.

D  social class level, gender, and geographic location.

E  none of the above are examples of one’s playing field

A  The intellectual status of each group.

B  The difference in the social class of the Saints compared to the Roughnecks.

C  The age of the Saints compared to the age of the Roughnecks.

D  The race of the members of each group.

A  social class

B  physical attractiveness

C  language skills

D  individual IQ scores

A  Labeling Theory

B  Control-Bond Theory

C  Differential Association Theory

D  Strain Theory

A  caused by biological drives.

B  caused by a defective environment.

C  being due to individuals having a criminal personality.

D  caused by positivism.

A  competition breeds friction between groups.

B  cooperative tasks is inversely related with group conflict.

C  hierarchial statuses formed quickly in the group of boys just as it does in the greater society.

D  none of the above.

E  all of the above.

A  be obese and/or have low self-esteem.

B  be aggressive and have a weak bond with his parents.

C  become an alcoholic or marry an alcoholic.

D  all of the above.

A  social class

B  religion

C  ethnicity

D  education

A  Mothers kept their sons closer to them when they played.

B  Mothers subconsciously rewarded daughters for being dependent.

C  Mothers tended to treat their children the same, regardless of the child’s sex.

D  Mothers socialized their sons to be passive and dependent.

A  attitudes; actions

B  values; attitudes

C  norms; beliefs

D  actions; attitudes

A  age at application

B  high school rank

C  standardized test scores

D  family background

A  these children miss out on key stages of their childhood.

B  these children may have a “mid-life crisis” in adulthood as they may revert back to stages they missed in childhood.

C  these children take on adult reponsibilites.

D  all of the above.

A  Rational-Choice Theory

B  Labeling Theory

C  Control-Bond Theory

D  Differential Association Theory

E  Strain Theory

A  Differential Association Theory

B  Rational-Choice/Exchange Theory

C  Labeling Theory

D  Control-Bond Theory

A  children do not adopt stereotypes or learn prejudice from their significant others or agents of socialization.

B  learning about prejudice and experiencing discrimination has no effect on children.

C  having children experience discrimination first hand can alleviate prejudicial beliefs in adulthood.

D  parents who are prejudice want their children to experience discrimination.

A  When we are able to reject negative labels and neutralize our deviance.

B  When we are members of the middle or upper classes and have too much to lose.

C  When punishment is feared from authorities such as parents or the court system.

D  When we have strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with society.

A  gender socialization

B  the hidden curriculum

C  gender tracking

D  resocialization

A  It is an egalitarian family.

B  It is an extended family.

C  It is a unilateral family.

D  It is a bilateral family.

A  there is really nothing that can be done as prejudice and discrimination cannot be alleviated.

B  educating those who are racist will not work as individual’s views do not change.

C  consistent and intensive nteractions with other groups can alleviate prejudicial feelings.

D  cooperative tasks has not worked in the past as individual achievement is a core U.S. value.

A  It ensures that the more capable people fill positions requiring higher intellectual levels.

B  It creates dedicated workers who will sacrifice personal ambition for the needs of society.

C  It reproduces the racial and ethnic structure of society for the next generation.

D  It perpetuates the class system that has been in place for generations.