Lecture Exam 2 (B)

A  1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 2, 9, 8, 5

B  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 5

C  1, 4, 7, 2, 3, 9, 6, 5, 8

D  1, 4, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 8, 7

A  They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons.

B  They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS.

C  They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS.

D  They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs.

E  They deliver synaptic input on other neurons.

A  The repolarization phase of the action potential

B  The exocytosis of neurotransmitter

C  The depolarization phase of the action potential

D  The graded potential

E  All of these will not occur

A  somatic, catalyst

B  horizontal, inner

C  bipolar, ganglion

A  Black, White

B  White, Gray

C  Gray, White

D  Brown, Gray

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Primary Visual cortex

B  Primary Auditory cortex

C  Occipital lobe association area

D  Parietal lobe association area

E  Somatosensory cortex

A  dilation of the pupil.

B  increased rounding of the cornea.

C  activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

D  flatteningof the lens.

E  contraction of the ciliary muscles.

A  1,3,2,5,7,6,8,4,9,10

B  1,3,2,6,5,9,10,4,8,7

C  1,4,8,7,3,2,5,6,9,10

D  1,4,7,8,3,2,6,5,9,10

A  pain

B  Pressure

C  Vision

D  Proprioception

E  Sound

F  Cold and warmth

A  cause a change in membrane potential.

B  trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential.

C  depolarize a dendrite.

D  trigger an action potential.

E  be conducted to the axon hillock.

A  Reflection

B  Deflection

C  Refraction

D  Retraction

A  The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens.

B  Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens.

C  Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina.

D  Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision.

E  The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object’s actual position in space.

A  caudate nucleus

B  globus pallidus

C  cingulate gyrus

D  mammilary body

E  putamen

F  substantia nigra

A  both sensations are grouped together in the somatosensory cortex.

B  both afferent neurons converge on the same interneuron.

C  the receptors in both skin areas utilize the same afferent neuron.

D  both pens are activating the same receptor.

A  are part of the peripheral nervous system.

B  relay messages from the brain down to the spinal cord to efferent neurons.

C  transmit signals derived from afferent receptors up the spinal cord to the brain.

D  carry impulses from the CNS to the periphery.

E  carry impulses from the periphery to the CNS.

A  secretes hormones

B  inhibits muscle tone throughout the body.

C  plays a role in emotional and behavioral patterns.

D  is a relay station for sensory input on its way to the cerebral cortex.

E  controls thirst, urine output, and food intake.

F  functions as the body’s thermostat

A  lens

B  retina

C  ciliary muscle

D  cornea

E  iris

A  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons and upper motor neurons arising from the cerebellum

B  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by upper motor neurons arising from the motor cortex

C  occurs in unmyelinated nerve fibers.

D  is comprised of lower motor neurons controlled by local circuit neurons

E  always results in muscle contraction

A  acetylcholine

B  serotonin

C  norepinephrine

D  histamine

A  histamine

B  dopamine

C  acetylcholine

D  serotonin

A  acetylcholine

B  norepinephrine

C  histamine

D  serotonin

A  histamine

B  acetylcholine

C  dopamine

D  norepinephrine

A  norepinephrine

B  serotonin

C  dopamine

D  acetylcholine

A  Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body

B  Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity

C  Information from sensory receptorsreaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it

D  A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases

E  A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  nociceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  thermoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  thermoreceptor

B  chemoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  nociceptor

A  chemoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  nociceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  photoreceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  photoreceptor

B  thermoreceptor

C  nociceptor

D  chemoreceptor

A  A chemical within the jalepeño acts as a stimulus for thermoreceptors.

B  Friction while chewing activates thermoreceptors.

C  The breakdown of chemicals within the pepper causes exothermic reactions in the mouth.

D  All of the answer choices are correct.

E  Chemoreceptors can activate heat sensing parts of the brain.

A  There are four different opsins in the retina.

B  There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones.

C  Photoreceptors are neurons.

D  There are four different chromophore moleculesin the retina.

E  There are normally four different photopigments in the retina.

A  medial leminscus tract

B  the posterior column

C  spinocerebellar tract

D  lateral corticospinal tract

E  anterior spinothalmic tract

A  occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex

B  temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

C  limbic system

D  somatosensory cortex

E  frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex

A  K+ leak channels.

B  Na+/K+ pumps.

C  Na+ voltage-gated channels.

D  Na+ leak channels

A  parassympathetic

B  assympathetic

C  sympathetic

D  parasympathetic

A  Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons.

B  The term “adequate stimulus” means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected.

C  The term “sensory unit” refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors.

D  All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation.

E  Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction.

A  photoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

A  equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium.

B  equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium.

C  more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium.

D  more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium.

E  slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion.

A  3, 1, 4, 5, 2

B  1, 4, 3, 2, 5

C  5, 4, 3, 1, 2

D  1, 2, 3, 5, 4

E  2, 1, 5, 4, 3

A  Terminal ganglia are the final common pathway for the autonomic nervous system.

B  Terminal ganglia give rise to sympathetic neurons

C  The terminal ganglia contain muscarinic receptors.

D  Terminal ganglia lie in a chain located along either side of the spinal cord.

E  Long parasympathetic preganglionic fibers end at the terminal ganglia, which lie in or near the effector organ.

F  the otic ganglia are found near the parotid gland

A  The patient would perceive nothing.

B  The patient would perceive a general sensation over one side of the body.

C  The patient would perceive a general sensation all over the body.

D  The patient would perceive a specific, localized sensation in one body area.

A  Pituitary gland

B  Hypothalamus

C  Pineal gland

D  Mitochondria

A  Both near and distance vision are fine, but changing back and forth between them becomes difficult

B  No light will enter the eye and blindness will result

C  Distance vision (e.g., reading a street sign)

D  Near vision (e.g., reading a book)

E  Both near and distance vision are compromised

A  It maintains a concentration gradient for K + such that diffusion forces favor movement of K + into the cell.

B  It pumps 3 Na + ions into the cell for every 2 K + ions it pumps out.

C  It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K +.

D  It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle.

E  It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside of a neuron is made negative with respect to the outside.

A  It requires ions to be distributed unevenly across the plasma membrane of a cell.

B  It is oriented so that the cell’s interior is negative with respect to the extracellular fluid.

C  in neurons, it is created mainly by potassium ion leakage

D  Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest.

E  It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions.

F  It has the same value in all cells.

A  nictonic motor neurons

B  gamma motor neurons

C  delta motor neurons

D  upper motor neurons

E  lower motor neurons

A  primary visual cortex

B  amygdala.

C  olfactory bulb

D  mammillary body.

E  hippocampus.

F  cingulate gyrus.

A  They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons.

B  They always trigger action potentials.

C  They can be graded and vary with stimulus strength.

D  They are action potentials.

E  They propagate without decrement.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  is found in the soma of the neuron

B  contains voltage-gated channels.

C  is where action potentials are first generated.

D  contains ligand-gated channels

E  is located in the axon hillock.

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  muscarinic

B  nicotinic

C  adrenergic

A  The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions.

B  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions.

C  The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions.

D  The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions.

E  The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside.

A  cataract.

B  presbyopia.

C  hyperopia.

D  glaucoma.

E  myopia.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  bind chemicals called odorants

B  are specialized endings of afferent neurons called chemoreceptors

C  when stimulated send impulses both to the limbic system and to the cortex for perception of smell.

D  are replaced by cells known as basal cells.

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  plays a role in controlling eye movement together with the inner ear.

B  can be consciously controlled.

C  contains numerous nuclei connected by a network of white matter tracts.

D  compares the intentions of the higher motor centers with the performance of the muscles and corrects this information resulting in coordinated muscle movements

E  is important for the maintenance of balance.

A  she suddenly develops presbyopia.

B  activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

C  activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles.

D  activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

E  activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles.

A  they can excite or inhibit skeletal muscles

B  their activity is influenced by upper motor neurons

C  they are also known as somatic motor neurons

D  they exit from the anterior gray horn

E  they are part of the final common pathway

F  they secrete dopamine

A  increased neurotransmitter release from the synaptic terminal of the photoreceptor.

B  decreased depolarization of the photoreceptor’s plasma membrane

C  bleaching of opsin.

D  excitation of bipolar cells

E  closure of Na+ channels and decreased Na+ flow into the photoreceptor

A  spinal nerves are for the conduction of motor information only

B  the ventral root contains axons of afferent, sensory neurons

C  the dorsal root conducts motor information

D  afferent, sensory neurons are unipolar neurons with cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglion

A  bind acetylcholine released from parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

B  are found primarily in the heart.

C  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic fibers.

D  bind with norepinephrine released from sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

E  bind acetylcholine released from both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic fibers.

A  Photoreceptors

B  Mechanoreceptors

C  Chemoreceptors

D  Nociceptors

E  Proprioceptors

A  There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells.

B  The photoreceptor cell membranebecomes depolarized.

C  The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape.

D  The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fireaction potentials.

E  The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases.

A  Loss of pain in the right foot

B  Loss of pain in the left foot

C  Loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot

A  increased fluid pressure against the cochlear duct by the fluid of the scala vestibuli

B  the hairs of the receptor cells of the Organ of Corti to be bent

C  movement of the tectorial membrane relative to the vestibular

D  displacement of the round window, which dissipates pressure in the cochlea.

E  movement of the basilar membrane relative to the tectorial.