Text No. 2

A  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

B  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

C  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

D  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

A  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

B  a long canine tooth in males.

C  bilophodont molars.

D  a Y-5 molar pattern.

A  development of Dryopithecus.

B  spread of Sivapithecus

C  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

D  extinction of many primate species.

A  a meteor impact.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  climate change.

D  early humans hunting them for food.

A  proprimates.

B  proconsulids.

C  dryopithecids

D  adapids.

A  chimpanzee

B  gorilla

C  orangutan

D  gibbon

A  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

B  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

C  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

D  predators had the ability to see primates better.

A  ape.

B  New World monkey.

C  anthropoid.

D  primate.

A  dryopithecids.

B  proconsulids.

C  adapids.

D  plesiadapiforms.

A  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

B  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

C  any time periods in the past.

D  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

A  dendrochronology

B  biostratigraphy

C  electron spin resonance

D  carbon 14

A  temperature estimated using any of several methods

B  isotope ratios

C  sea levels

D  weather

A  bones and teeth

B  wooden objects

C  shells

D  ceramics

A  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

B  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

C  These areas provided better preservation.

D  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

A  radioisotopes

B  carbon 14.

C  index fossils.

D  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

A  sedimentary rock

B  shell

C  bone

D  igneous rock

A  superposition.

B  fluorine analysis.

C  paleomagnetism.

D  geolayering.

A  chronological sequence.

B  phylogeny.

C  period.

D  era.

A  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

B  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

C  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

D  engaging in care of young

A  some primate societies are female only.

B  several species of primates coexist socially.

C  some primate societies are male only.

D  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

A  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

B  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

C  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

D  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

A  determines male and female social hierarchy.

B  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

C  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

D  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

A  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

B  individual factors, as in humans.

C  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

D  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

A  speed, agility, and strength.

B  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

C  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

D  source, quantity, and safety.

A  adaptive radiation

B  niche competition

C  habitat

D  predation

A  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

B  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

C  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

D  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

A  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

B  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

C  None of the answers

D  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

A  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

B  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

C  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

D  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

A  short digits.

B  a precision grip.

C  opposable thumbs.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  the ability to move on four limbs.

B  adaptation to life in the trees.

C  the ability to brachiate.

D  adaptation to life in the savanna.

A  South America.

B  Asia.

C  Madagascar.

D  Africa.

A  present in most primates.

B  present only in some platyrrhines.

C  made strictly of muscle.

D  present in catarrhine primates.

A  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

D  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

B  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

C  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

D  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

A  smaller eye orbits.

B  a larger brain.

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands