Text No. 2

A  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

B  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

C  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

D  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

A  bilophodont molars.

B  a long canine tooth in males.

C  a Y-5 molar pattern.

D  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  extinction of many primate species.

C  development of Dryopithecus.

D  spread of Sivapithecus

A  early humans hunting them for food.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  climate change.

D  a meteor impact.

A  proconsulids.

B  dryopithecids

C  proprimates.

D  adapids.

A  orangutan

B  gibbon

C  gorilla

D  chimpanzee

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

C  predators had the ability to see primates better.

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  primate.

B  ape.

C  New World monkey.

D  anthropoid.

A  proconsulids.

B  dryopithecids.

C  adapids.

D  plesiadapiforms.

A  any time periods in the past.

B  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

C  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

D  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

A  dendrochronology

B  biostratigraphy

C  electron spin resonance

D  carbon 14

A  sea levels

B  isotope ratios

C  temperature estimated using any of several methods

D  weather

A  shells

B  wooden objects

C  ceramics

D  bones and teeth

A  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

B  These areas provided better preservation.

C  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

D  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

A  carbon 14.

B  index fossils.

C  radioisotopes

D  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

A  bone

B  sedimentary rock

C  igneous rock

D  shell

A  superposition.

B  fluorine analysis.

C  paleomagnetism.

D  geolayering.

A  period.

B  chronological sequence.

C  era.

D  phylogeny.

A  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

B  engaging in care of young

C  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

D  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

A  several species of primates coexist socially.

B  some primate societies are female only.

C  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

D  some primate societies are male only.

A  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

B  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

C  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

D  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

A  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

B  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

C  determines male and female social hierarchy.

D  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

B  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

C  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

D  individual factors, as in humans.

A  speed, agility, and strength.

B  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

C  source, quantity, and safety.

D  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

A  niche competition

B  habitat

C  predation

D  adaptive radiation

A  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

B  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

C  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

D  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

A  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

B  None of the answers

C  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

D  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

A  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

B  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

C  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

D  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

A  opposable thumbs.

B  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

C  a precision grip.

D  short digits.

A  adaptation to life in the savanna.

B  the ability to move on four limbs.

C  the ability to brachiate.

D  adaptation to life in the trees.

A  Asia.

B  Africa.

C  Madagascar.

D  South America.

A  present only in some platyrrhines.

B  present in catarrhine primates.

C  made strictly of muscle.

D  present in most primates.

A  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

C  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

B  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

C  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

D  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

A  smaller eye orbits.

B  a reduced number of teeth.

C  a larger brain.

D  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands