Text No. 2

A  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

B  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

C  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

D  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

A  a long canine tooth in males.

B  a Y-5 molar pattern.

C  bilophodont molars.

D  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

A  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

B  development of Dryopithecus.

C  spread of Sivapithecus

D  extinction of many primate species.

A  early humans hunting them for food.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  climate change.

D  a meteor impact.

A  proprimates.

B  dryopithecids

C  proconsulids.

D  adapids.

A  orangutan

B  gibbon

C  gorilla

D  chimpanzee

A  predators had the ability to see primates better.

B  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

C  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

D  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

A  New World monkey.

B  anthropoid.

C  ape.

D  primate.

A  dryopithecids.

B  proconsulids.

C  adapids.

D  plesiadapiforms.

A  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

B  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

C  any time periods in the past.

D  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

A  biostratigraphy

B  carbon 14

C  dendrochronology

D  electron spin resonance

A  sea levels

B  isotope ratios

C  weather

D  temperature estimated using any of several methods

A  shells

B  wooden objects

C  ceramics

D  bones and teeth

A  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

B  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

C  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

D  These areas provided better preservation.

A  index fossils.

B  carbon 14.

C  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

D  radioisotopes

A  bone

B  sedimentary rock

C  igneous rock

D  shell

A  paleomagnetism.

B  superposition.

C  fluorine analysis.

D  geolayering.

A  era.

B  period.

C  chronological sequence.

D  phylogeny.

A  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

B  engaging in care of young

C  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

D  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

A  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

B  some primate societies are male only.

C  some primate societies are female only.

D  several species of primates coexist socially.

A  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

B  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

C  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

D  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

A  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

B  determines male and female social hierarchy.

C  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

D  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

A  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

B  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

C  individual factors, as in humans.

D  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

A  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

B  speed, agility, and strength.

C  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

D  source, quantity, and safety.

A  habitat

B  predation

C  niche competition

D  adaptive radiation

A  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

B  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

C  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

D  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

A  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

B  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

C  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

D  None of the answers

A  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

B  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

C  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

D  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

A  a precision grip.

B  opposable thumbs.

C  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

D  short digits.

A  the ability to brachiate.

B  adaptation to life in the savanna.

C  the ability to move on four limbs.

D  adaptation to life in the trees.

A  Madagascar.

B  South America.

C  Africa.

D  Asia.

A  made strictly of muscle.

B  present in most primates.

C  present only in some platyrrhines.

D  present in catarrhine primates.

A  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

B  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

A  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

B  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

C  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

D  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

A  a larger brain.

B  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  smaller eye orbits.