Text No. 2

A  Eocene organisms that may have been the first primates

B  Paleocene organisms that may have been the first primates.

C  Eocene primates that are the earliest anthropoids.

D  Paleocene primates that may have been the first anthropoids.

A  a Y-5 molar pattern.

B  a long canine tooth in males.

C  a 2-1-2-3 dental formula

D  bilophodont molars.

A  extinction of many primate species.

B  adaptive radiation of Euprimates.

C  development of Dryopithecus.

D  spread of Sivapithecus

A  early humans hunting them for food.

B  a disease pandemic.

C  climate change.

D  a meteor impact.

A  proconsulids.

B  adapids.

C  proprimates.

D  dryopithecids

A  orangutan

B  chimpanzee

C  gibbon

D  gorilla

A  species could see predators from further away, thereby securing time to flee.

B  better vision allowed for better access to fruits and small insects

C  predators had the ability to see primates better.

D  primate traits arose as adaptations to preying on insects and small animals

A  primate.

B  anthropoid.

C  New World monkey.

D  ape.

A  plesiadapiforms.

B  adapids.

C  dryopithecids.

D  proconsulids.

A  the time frames during which a certain fossil species existed.

B  divisions in geologic time divided into periods and epochs.

C  any time periods in the past.

D  divisions of time based on cultural standards, as in “Stone Age

A  carbon 14

B  dendrochronology

C  electron spin resonance

D  biostratigraphy

A  sea levels

B  weather

C  isotope ratios

D  temperature estimated using any of several methods

A  shells

B  wooden objects

C  ceramics

D  bones and teeth

A  These areas provided better preservation.

B  Many villagers in these areas gather fossils to sell

C  Only these areas were conducive to sustaining life

D  More populations of species lived in these areas and nowhere else.

A  radioisotopes

B  carbon 13 and carbon 12.

C  index fossils.

D  carbon 14.

A  bone

B  sedimentary rock

C  igneous rock

D  shell

A  fluorine analysis.

B  geolayering.

C  superposition.

D  paleomagnetism.

A  era.

B  chronological sequence.

C  phylogeny.

D  period.

A  avoiding risk-taking behavior.

B  competition between males for access to reproductive-age females.

C  engaging in care of young

D  avoiding violence against competitors for female access.

A  some primate societies are female only.

B  several species of primates coexist socially.

C  within any primate group, individuals representing different kinships, ranks, ages, and sexes often form alliances.

D  some primate societies are male only.

A  reproduction has similar energy demands for both sexes, so males and females respond accordingly.

B  males acquire resources to ensure the survival of their offspring

C  primates do not vary in their abilities to respond to differing energy requirements.

D  reproduction places different energy demands on males and females, resulting in different reproductive strategies.

A  tends to be lower than in groups where males disperse and compete with unrelated males.

B  determines male and female social hierarchy.

C  relates to sexual courtship rituals in primates.

D  is the study of sexual intercourse between primates.

A  emotional impulses produced randomly and involuntarily.

B  individual factors, as in humans.

C  conditioning in the lab by primatologists.

D  the type of predator and the predator’s attack strategy.

A  quality, distribution, and availability of food.

B  cooperation, altruism, and quantity for sharing.

C  source, quantity, and safety.

D  speed, agility, and strength.

A  predation

B  adaptive radiation

C  habitat

D  niche competition

A  is not an advantage of cooperation within a society.

B  is not a beneficial evolutionary adaptation.

C  is behavior that benefits others while causing a disadvantage to the individual.

D  occurs only between primates that are not relatives.

A  anatomical classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate when looking at adaptation and anatomy.

B  None of the answers

C  genetic classification of chimpanzees and humans, hence their use of the term hominid to describe human ancestors.

D  cladistic classifications of chimpanzees and humans, as this is most appropriate for their research.

A  not highly adaptable to changing environments but do well in zoos

B  a healthy population living in a subtropical environment.

C  among the most endangered animals due to human exploitation of resources

D  among the most endangered animal species due to disease

A  a precision grip.

B  opposable thumbs.

C  short digits.

D  an expanded reliance on sense of smell.

A  adaptation to life in the savanna.

B  the ability to move on four limbs.

C  adaptation to life in the trees.

D  the ability to brachiate.

A  Africa.

B  Madagascar.

C  Asia.

D  South America.

A  present in most primates.

B  made strictly of muscle.

C  present in catarrhine primates.

D  present only in some platyrrhines.

A  2 / 1 / 3 / 3

B  1 / 1 / 2 / 3.

C  2 / 1 / 2 / 3.

D  3 / 1 / 2 / 3.

A  the presence of a rhinarium, increased mobility, and an opposable thumb.

B  arboreal adaptation, parental investment, and the presence of dietary plasticity.

C  the presence of a rhinarium, forward-facing eyes, and increased parental care.

D  increased mobility, arboreal adaptation, and brachiation.

A  a larger brain.

B  an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands

C  a reduced number of teeth.

D  smaller eye orbits.