Quiz 1

A  A type of genetic drift that occurs when members of a population leave the main or “parent” group and form a new population that no longer interbreeds with the other members of the original group.

B  An evolutionary process that occurs when certain phenotypes confer an advantage or disadvantage in survival and/or reproductive success. This is one of the forces of evolution.

C  Chromosomal alterations that occur when DNA is swapped between homologous chromosomes while they are paired up during meiosis I.

D  Human-directed assortative mating among domestic animals, such as pets and livestock, designed to increase the chances of offspring having certain desirable traits.

A  An early model for inheritance that combines the Lamarckian idea of inheriting acquired characteristics with the idea that particles from different parts of the body make their way to the sex cells.

B  A pattern that occurs when individuals tend to select mates with qualities different from their own.

C  A scenario in which mate choice within a population follows a non-random pattern (a.k.a., Assortative Mating).

D  The integration of Darwin’s, Mendel’s, and subsequent research into a unified theory of evolution.

A  A single-letter (single-nucleotide) change in the genetic code, resulting in the substitution of one nucleic acid base for a different one.

B  The process by which a single population divides into two or more separate species.

C  Transposons that are transcribed from DNA into RNA, and then are “reverse transcribed,” to insert the copied sequence into a new location in the DNA.

D  A mutation that changes the genetic code so that the correct area to be modified for mRNA splicing is not recognized by the appropriate enzymes.

A  The set of alleles that an individual has for a given gene.

B  Changes that result in the emergence of new species, the similarities and differences between species, and their phylogenetic relationships with other taxa.

C  A term often used to describe gene flow between non-human populations.

D  An early model for inheritance that predicted that offspring inherit characteristics acquired during their parents’ lifetimes.

A  The movement of alleles from one population to another. This is one of the forces of evolution.

B  A pattern of natural selection in which one phenotype is favored over the other, causing the frequencies of the associated advantageous alleles to gradually increase.

C  The ratios or percentages of the different homozygous and heterozygous genotypes in the population.

D  A set of constraints and resources that are available in an environmental setting.

A  The transfer of DNA between non-homologous chromosomes.

B  A phenotype produced by a gene on an autosomal chromosome that is expressed, to the exclusion of the recessive phenotype, in heterozygotes.

C  A pattern of natural selection in which one phenotype is favored over the other, causing the frequencies of the associated advantageous alleles to gradually increase

D  The ratio, or percentage, of one allele compared to the other alleles for that gene within the study population.

A  Refers to an allele whose effect is not normally seen unless two copies are present in an individual’s genotype.

B  Chain of amino acids that fold into a three dimensional structure that allow a cell to function in a variety of ways.

C  A phenotype that is controlled by two or more genes.

D  Diploid cells that comprise body tissues and undergo mitosis for maintenance and repair of tissues.

A  The process that gametes undergo to divide. The end of meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells.

B  A classification given to phenotypic traits that are controlled by a single gene.

C  Circular DNA segment found in mitochondria that is inherited maternally.

D  The process that somatic cells undergo to divide. The end of mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells.

A  Heterozygous genotype that produces a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles.

B  A nucleotide sequence variation from the template DNA strand that can occur during replication.

C  A phenotype that is controlled by two or more genes.

D  DNA template strand in which replication proceeds continuously.

A  Genotype that consists of two identical alleles.

B  Genotype that consists of two different alleles.

C  The process that gametes undergo to divide. The end of meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells.

D  Genotype that DNA wraps around to assist with DNA organization within the nucleus.

A  DNA molecule that is wrapped around protein complexes, including histones.

B  A sequence that comprises three DNA nucleotides that together code for a protein.

C  The “jelly-like” matrix inside of the cell that contains many organelles and other cellular molecules.

D  Refers to an allele for which one copy is sufficient to be visible in the phenotype.

A  Organic molecules that are the building blocks of protein.

B  Refers to a pattern of inheritance where an allele is located on an autosome.

C  Molecules composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms that can be broken down to supply energy.

D  DNA molecule that is wrapped around protein complexes, including histones.

A  The idea that species are stable through time and are formed very rapidly relative to their duration

B  The active engagement by which species transform their surroundings in favorable ways, rather than passively inhabiting them.

C  A postulated evolutionary process in which selection acts on an entire species population, rather than individuals.

D  Correspondence of parts between species due to the mutual inheritance of a primordial form from a common ancestor.

A  An alteration to the base sequence of DNA.

B  Genetic constitution of an individual organism.

C  Observable manifestation of a genetic constitution, expressed in a particular set of circumstances.

D  The idea that the parts of a system interconnect and interact to make up the whole.

A  The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of ancestors.

B  Random, short-term perturbations to the gene pool, with nonadaptive effects.

C  Genetic constitution of an individual organism.

D  The idea that different peoples have different origins.

A  The idea that all people share a common single origin.

B  An additional beneficial use for a biological feature.

C  Random, short-term perturbations to the gene pool, with nonadaptive effects.

A  A stretch of DNA with an identifiable function.

B  The reduced genetic diversity that results when a population is descended from a small number of ancestors.

C  Hypothetical summation of the entire genetic composition of population or species

D  An alteration to the base sequence of DNA.

A  An idea that was popular in the 1920s that society should be improved by breeding better kinds of people.

B  Genetic constitution of an individual organism.

C  The study of the origin of form; a contraction of “evolutionary developmental biology.”

D  The study of how genetically identical cells and organisms can nevertheless differ in stably inherited ways.

A  A unicellular organism.

B  A genetic variant.

C  A zygote that has not been fully fertilized.

D  The genes only received from the paternal side.

A  All of the current living primates, including humans

B  The idea that as humans, our brains can recover a significant amount when damaged.

C  Species that are regarded as human, directly ancestral to humans, or very closely related to humans.

D  An extinct human species that has no origin.

A  Taking a broad view of the historical, environmental, and cultural foundations of behavior.

B  The scattering of a group of people who have left their original homeland and now live in various locations.

C  An approach developed in British anthropology that emphasized the ways that the parts of a society work together to support the functioning of the whole

D  A research method that involves living with, observing, and participating in the same activities as the people one studies.

A  The idea that culture has limits.

B  The concept that parts of an idea to not fully support the whole picture.

C  The concept that the parts of a culture do the equal the sum of the culture.

D  The idea that the parts of a system interconnect and interact to make up the whole.

A  Function gives rise to form which in turn gives rise to purpose.

B  Evidence that is verifiable by observation or experience instead of relying primarily on logic or theory.

C  The function of every member of society is different.

D  The hypothesis that function of humans continuously evolves.

A  No answer text provided.

B  No answer text provided.

C  No answer text provided.

D  The opinion that one’s own way of life is natural or correct and the only true way of being fully human.