Midterm Exam

A  Amino acids that are normally nonessential but must be supplied through the diet when the need for it exceeds the body’s ability to produce it

B  Amino acids that are synthesized by the body in excess quantities

C  Amino acids that are easily synthesized by the body and are not required to be consumed through the diet

D  Amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body at all and should be taken in through the diet to meet the required amounts

E  Amino acids that are required by the body in minute quantities

A  Gender

B  Diet

C  Weight

D  Age

E  Genes

A  A 30-year-old with extensive burns

B  A 38-year-old pregnant woman

C  A 20-year-old college student

D  A 60-year-old retiree

E  A 70-year-old recovering from surgery

A  Serotonin

B  Vitamin B12

C  Vitamin C

D  Vitamin A

E  Potassium

A  The body uses excess amino acids, leading to rapid muscle growth.

B  The body utilizes excess amino acids as fuel or stores them as fat.

C  The excess protein causes muscle breakdown rather than building muscle tissue.

D  A diet high in protein does not provide sufficient energy required to support muscle growth.

E  The body starts to dismantle its tissue proteins.

A  antibodies

B  lipoproteins

C  enzymes

D  hormones

E  lysosomes

A  transporting substances around the body.

B  supporting growth and maintenance.

C  maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance.

D  building enzymes and hormones.

E  maintaining acid-base balance.

A  Infants and children need the same amount of protein as adults on a per-kilogram basis.

B  Athletes build muscle only when they consume excess protein supplements.

C  Dieters should take excess protein supplements to spare body proteins.

D  Protein recommendations are based strictly on age and gender.

E  Athletes may need slightly more protein than other healthy adults.

A  Consume whole protein as it is better handled by the digestive system and will promote recovery.

B  During recovery, consume extra carbohydrate but not extra protein.

C  Take amino acid supplements because they are an excellent way to provide energy to rebuild muscles.

D  Take amino acid supplements because they are easier to digest than whole foods.

E  Exercise regularly to promote muscle regain.

A  An 82-year-old man

B  A 28-year-old man

C  A 8-year-old child

D  A 20-year-old woman

E  A 28-year-old woman

A  Saturated fat had little impact on cardiovascular death rates in the two countries with the highest total fat intakes.

B  The country with the lowest total fat intake had the lowest cardiovascular death rate.

C  The country that consumed more than 15% of total energy from saturated fat had the lowest cardiovascular death rate.

D  The country with the lowest saturated fat intake had the highest cardiovascular death rate.

E  One of the countries with the highest total fat intake had the lowest cardiovascular death rate.

A  sterols

B  phospholipids

C  fatty acids

D  triglycerides

E  lipoproteins

A  All fatty acids have the same chain length.

B  All fatty acids are solid at room temperature.

C  The more hydrogen atoms attached to carbon atoms, the more saturated a fatty acid is.

D  All fatty acids have only double bonds.

E  The more carbon atoms and nitrogen atoms present in a fatty acid, the shorter the fatty acid is.

A  15 grams

B  17.5 grams

C  25 grams

D  45 grams

E  10 grams

A  42%

B  31%

C  19%

D  71%

E  53%

A  nondairy creamers, which are high in trans fats

B  avocados, which are high in unsaturated fats

C  olives, which are high in monounsaturated fats

D  flaxseed, which is high in omega-3 fatty acids

E  walnuts, which are high in omega-6 fatty acids

A  It is an essential nutrient.

B  It is a part of every cell.

C  It is a component of bile.

D  Vitamin D is made with cholesterol.

E  It can be made by the body.

A  lead

B  arsenic

C  mercury

D  iodine

E  iron

A  Her saturated fat intake is within the recommended range, but her percentage of calories from total fat is too high.

B  Both her percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat meet the recommendations.

C  Her saturated fat intake is within the recommended range, but her percentage of calories from total fat is too low.

D  Her fat intake is within the recommended range, but her percentage of calories from saturated fat is too high.

E  Both her percentage of calories from fat and saturated fat fall are above the recommendations.

A  Soda

B  Butter

C  Skin-on chicken breasts

D  Bananas

E  Ice cream

A  Soluble fiber binds with enzymes in the blood and is metabolized by the liver.

B  Soluble fiber converts dietary cholesterol into bile, which is recycled for use in the digestive process.

C  Insoluble fiber binds with cholesterol in the large intestine and is excreted in feces.

D  Insoluble fiber converts into bile in the large intestine and binds with cholesterol.

E  Soluble fiber binds with bile in the intestine and carries cholesterol out with feces.

A  sugar consumed in large amounts leads to obesity, even when calorie intake does not exceed calorie needs.

B  the link between sugar intake and colon cancer is weaker when total calorie intakes exceed the daily need.

C  consuming sweetened soft drinks every day for a few weeks results in significant changes in blood lipids.

D  eating large amounts of pure sugar puts a strain on the appendix, leading to diabetes.

E  fructose suppresses the human appetite in the same way that glucose does.

A  a variety of meats

B  fruits, vegetables, and grains

C  yogurt with live cultures

D  refined grains and added sugars

E  enriched processed foods

A  chilled cooked potatoes

B  barley

C  oatmeal

D  refined white flour

E  cooked dried beans

A  Lowered risk of constipation and hemorrhoids

B  Lowered risk of appendicitis and complications from diverticula

C  Modulated blood glucose levels

D  Lowered risk of heart and artery disease

E  Increased blood cholesterol levels

A  100

B  75

C  200

D  130

E  50

A  Glucose can be broken down to yield energy and carbon dioxide.

B  Inside a cell, glucose is broken in half and these two halves have two pathways open to them.

C  Body fat can be converted into glucose to feed the brain adequately.

D  Water is a by-product of splitting glucose for energy.

E  Small molecules derived from glucose can be linked to form fat molecules.

A  fruit sugar

B  milk sugar

C  sugar alcohol

D  table sugar

E  malt sugar

A  Restricting protein intake

B  Taking insulin injections

C  Avoiding strenuous physical exercise

D  Increasing caffeine intake

E  Maintaining a healthy body weight

A  ketone bodies produced from proteins do not provide adequate energy for cells.

B  they provide ketone bodies that are the preferred energy sources of the body’s cells.

C  fats cannot provide energy for cellular processes.

D  the glucose obtained from them is an important fuel for most of the body’s cells.

E  they provide amino acids that are the preferred energy sources for body processes.

A  drinks are diluted with water.

B  the stomach is empty.

C  drinks are consumed slowly.

D  drinks contain less than half an ounce of alcohol. 

E  carbohydrate-rich snacks are consumed at the same time.

A  breathing becomes slower and shallower.

B  the pupils widen. 

C  blood glucose rises.

D  fat is released from fat cells.

E  blood pressure rises. 

A  Glycogen in the liver

B  Glycogen in the muscles

C  Glycogen in the muscles and liver

D  Glycogen in the muscles and fat stores

E  Glycogen in the liver and fat stores

A  The villi block toxins from being absorbed into the blood.

B  The microvilli trap nutrients so the villi cells can absorb them.

C  The microvilli facilitate the digestion of a large percentage of deficient nutrients.

D  The villi complete the breakdown of foods into nutrients.

E  The microvilli absorb nutrients into the lymphatic system.

A  Organs, tissues, muscles, cells

B  Body systems, organs, tissues, cells

C  Organs, tissues, cells, genes 

D  Body systems, organs, muscles, cells

E  Cells, tissues, organs, body systems

A  ulcerative colitis

B  fatty liver disease

C  obesity

D  malnutrition

E  inflammation

A  Epinephrine and adrenaline

B  Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and neurotransmitters

C  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

D  Adrenaline and insulin

E  Epinephrine and neurotransmitters

A  the muscles become weak due to inactivity. 

B  the absorption rate increases due to higher nutrient demands.

C  proteins may not be available to make digestive enzymes.

D  nutrients may not get absorbed.  

E  the surface area of the small intestine shrinks in size.

A  gallbladder

B  heart

C  liver

D  lungs

E  kidneys

A  liver, gall bladder, stomach

B  pancreas, liver, stomach

C  liver, gall bladder, small intestine

D  pancreas, liver, small intestine

A  A sandwich of 2 slices whole-wheat bread, 4 tablespoons nut butter, and 1 tablespoon honey with salad of 1 cup raw spinach

B  1 cup bean salad, 1 cup cooked rice, and 1/2 cup tofu

C  2 ounces broiled salmon and 1 cup thick tomato sauce over 1/2 cup cooked pasta

D  1/2 avocado, 1/2 cup yogurt, 2 tablespoons peanut butter, and 1 cup cooked spinach

E  A sandwich of 2 slices whole-wheat bread and 2 ounces ham, 1 boiled egg, and 1 cup vegetable juice

A  Her carbohydrate intake is the only macronutrient that falls within the AMDR.

B  Her protein intake is the only macronutrient that falls within the AMDR.

C  Her protein and carbohydrate intakes fall within the AMDR, but her fat intake is above it.

D  Her protein, carbohydrate and fat intake all fall within the AMDR.

E  Her protein and fat intake fall within the AMDR, but her carbohydrate intake is below it.

A  chocolate 

B  green tea

C  edamame and tofu

D  kefir

E  grapes 

A  presents the daily values for vitamin D and potassium at four calorie levels.

B  is different on every label.

C  provides the dietary references intakes (DRI) information for comparing different products.

D  serves as a reminder of the daily values for the selected nutrients.

E  conveys information specific to the food inside the package.

A  know that the manufacturer has done extensive research on the claim.

B  be aware that the FDA has done research on the manufacturer’s claim.

C  know this is an accurate statement because it was reviewed before being put on the label.

D  be suspicious because this is a structure-function claim requiring no advance approval.

E  be likely to recommend this product because of the obvious claim.

A  disease prevention in both healthy and unhealthy individuals.

B  health maintenance and disease prevention in healthy people.

C  reversal of nutrient deficiencies.

D  restoration of health in malnourished individuals.

E  health maintenance and promotion of healing after injury.

A  Oysters

B  Popcorn

C  Quinoa

D  Avocado

E  Olives

A  1,000

B  2,000

C  3,000

D  1,500

E  3,500

A  at least 5 grams of fiber

B  25% more fiber than other breads

C  2.5 to 4.9 grams of fiber

D  at least 20% of the DV for fiber 

E  at least 2 grams of fiber

A  eat only unprocessed foods.

B  follow a diet that includes only green vegetables.

C  limit the consumption of foods from the grains group.

D  follow a diet rich in dairy products.

E  choose foods with a high nutrient density from each food group.

A  social pressure

B  emotional comfort

C  availability

D  economy

E  cultural tradition

A  Iron 

B  Cobalt

C  Nitrogen

D  Calcium 

E  Protein

A  Avoiding changes in daily routine and specific behavior

B  Committing time and energy to make changes in behavior

C  Striving to integrate the new behavior into daily life and striving to make it permanent

D  Admitting that change is needed and weighing the pros and cons of changing

E  Concentrating mainly on the strengths of the current eating pattern

A  Fats

B  Water

C  Minerals

D  Carbohydrates

E  Protein

A  Faster wound healing

B  Improved mental functioning

C  Increased lean body tissue

D  Decreased bone density

E  Reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases

A  water

B  protein

C  fat

D  carbohydrate

E  fiber

A  blind experiment

B  case study

C  epidemiological study

D  intervention study

E  laboratory study

A  58%

B  21%

C  37%

D  48%

E  52%

A  A double-blind study

B  A laboratory study

C  A case study

D  An epidemiological study

E  An intervention study

A  whole

B  organic

C  medical

D  natural

E  processed