Lecture Exam 2

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Question #1

A microbiology student noticed that a culture broth tube was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube. Which of her following conclusions about the growth of these organisms is CORRECT?

A they are aerobes.

B the broth is sterile.

C they should be grown in an anaerobic chamber.

D they cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase.

E they cannot tolerate oxygen.

Question #2

Which of the following BEST defines the growth phase period between inoculation of bacteria and beginning of multiplication in a culture medium?

A log phase

B decline phase

C stationary phase

D lag phase

Question #3

In which environment are you most likely to encounter acidophiles?

A milk at pH 6.5

B human intestine at pH 8.5

C human blood at pH 7.2

D a hot vent at pH 1.5

Question #4

Some species of bacteria can grow in hot water, such as hot tubs that people have in their homes, some of which reach temperatures in excess of 100°F. Which of the following BEST describes bacteria isolated from such a hot tub?

A thermophiles

B psychrotrophs

C mesophiles

D hyperthermophiles

Question #5

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by BOTH endospores and vegetative cells?

A resistance to drying

B low metabolic activity

C heat resistance

D radiation resistance

E presence of DNA

Question #6

During which growth curve phase would penicillin, an antibiotic that inhibits cell-wall synthesis, be most effective?

A death phase

B stationary phase

C lag phase

D exponential or log phase

Question #7

Why is the exponential phase of growth curve of bacteria limited in its duration?

A due to the rise in cell density

B more than one of these are correct

C due to the exhaustion of nutrients

D due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites

Question #8

You have isolated a bacterium from the bottom from a deep ocean trench, in a tropical location. Which of the following terms BEST describes its physical or chemical growth requirements?

A psychrophil

B alkalinophil

C halophile

D more than one of these are correct

E barophil

Question #9

Which of the following BEST describes what happens to cells numbers and density in the exponential growth phase?

A they both double at a constant rate

B they are both constant

C they first increase then decreases

D they show an overall decreasing trend

Question #10

In lecture, we described the similarity in appearance of bacterial growth curves and the stages of human infection curve. Which of the following BEST explains why these two curves are similar in shape and size?

A lag stage bacteria growth causes the illness human infection stage

B lag stage bacteria growth causes the convalescence human infection stage

C exponential bacteria growth causes the decline human infection stage

D exponential bacteria growth causes the illness human infection stage

Question #11

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: A cell placed in a(n) __________ solution will __________ water.

A isotonic; gain

B hypotonic; lose

C hypertonic; gain

D hypotonic; gain

E isotonic; lose

Question #12

Which of the following is the BEST reason why psychrophilic bacteria will not grow in hyperthermophilic environments?

A they lack the correct atmospheric pressure

B they lack the correct pH

C they lack the correct nucleus

D they lack the correct enzymes

Question #13

Quorum sensing is used by bacterial cells to determine which of the following?

A the size of the population

B the speed of water flow

C the density of the population

D the availability of nutrients

Question #14

An aquatic microbe that can grow only at the surface of the water is probably which of the following?

A a chemoheterotroph

B a phototroph

C a heterotroph

D a chemotroph

Question #15

You isolate bacteria from a mine draining water and measure the pH from this water at pH = 2.0. Which of the following growth terms BEST describes this organism?

A alkaliphiles

B acidophiles

C obligate anaerobes

D neutrophiles

Question #16

Which of the following would BEST describe a culture broth tube that was very turbid at the surface but clear throughout the rest of the tube?

A the organisms in the culture broth tube should be grown in an anaerobic chamber

B the organisms in the culture broth tube cannot tolerate oxygen

C the organisms in the culture broth tube are aerobes

D the organism in the culture broth tube cannot produce superoxide dismutase and/or catalase enzymes

Question #17

Which of the following segments of the growth curve would starvation proteins be at their HIGHEST detectable levels?

A exponential phase

B stationary phase

C death phase

D lag phase

Question #18

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that infects the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis. It does not grow in the absence of oxygen. Which of the following terms BEST describes its relationship with oxygen?

A an obligate aerobe

B an obligate anaerobe

C a facultative anaerobe

D an aerotolerant anaerobe

Question #19

The minimum distance that two objects may be separated and still be detected as two distinct particles, rather than a single particle is:

A the microscope’s magnification.

B the microscope’s resolution.

C the microscope’s clarity.

D the minimum cell size of a cell.

Question #20

Which of the following forms of light microscopy would you use if you wanted the BEST combination of contrast and resolution necessary to look at LIVING cells?

A differential interference contrast (DIC)

B darkfield microscopy

C UV microscopy

D brightfield microscopy

E scanning electron microscopy

Question #21

Which of the following types of microscopy provides a three-dimensional surface image of viruses and bacterial cells?

A phase-contrast microscopy

B transmission electron microscopy

C brightfield microscopy

D scanning electron microscopy

E fluorescence microscopy

Question #22

If you were given a specimen of an active, motile microorganism, which of the following types of microscopy would be the MOST EFFECTIVE in visualizing the live microbe?

A scanning electron microscopy

B dark-field microscopy

C bright-field microscopy

D fluorescence microscopy

E phase-contrast microscopy

Question #23

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: The instrument that produces a dark image of the specimen against a bright background is called a(n) __________ microscope.

A dark-field

B transmission electron

C scanning electron

D phase-contrast

E bright-field

Question #24

Suppose you were using a dark-field microscope to view bacterial cells. Which of the following BEST describes their general appearance using this particular microscope?

A bright bacteria on a dark background.

B dark bacteria on a dark background.

C dark bacteria on a bright background.

D fluorescent bacteria on a dark background.

E bright bacteria on a bright background.

Question #25

Which of the following has the highest radiation energy?

A light with an intermediate wavelength

B light with a short wavelength

C radio wavelength

D light with a long wavelength

Question #26

Which of the following is transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the BEST for viewing?

A surface membranes of live, living cells.

B internal structure of live, living cells.

C internal structure of fixed cells.

D surface structure of fixed cells.

Question #27

Choose the answer that completes the following statement. Electrons have a shorter wavelength than light microscopes. As a result, microscopes using electrons as their energy source have___________ resolution.

A lower

B no relationship on

C higher

D the same

Question #28

Bacteria do not always swim aimlessly but are attracted by such nutrients such as sugar and amino acids and are repelled by harmful substances and bacterial waste products. Movement toward chemical attractants and away from repellents is called:

A gliding motility

B chemotaxis

C phototaxis

D tumbling

Question #29

Which of the following would be the BEST term describing bacteria living in salt marshes?

A halotolerant

B barophiles

C thermophiles

D acidophiles

Question #30

Choose the among the answer choices below the pair that BEST completes the following statement: Microorganisms might be virulent (i.e., be capable of causing infectious diseases) because of:

A the presence of anatomical structures such as pili.

B the production of various enzymatic activities such as hemolysins and leucocidins

C all of these

D the production of exotoxins or endotoxins.

Question #31

Which of the following are BOTH flagella and pili made of?

A lipids

B protein

C nucleic acids

D carbohydrates

Question #32

Which bacterial cell structures MUST useful antibiotics penetrate in order to kill the bacteria that they are targeted to destroy?

A endoplasmic reticulum

B mitochondria

C flagella

D outer plasma membrane

E nucleus

Question #33

Which of the following is an internal motile organelle that some bacteria like spirochetes use to propel themselves?

A fimbria

B axial filament

C pilum

D plasma membrane

Question #34

When flagella are distributed all around a bacterial cell, the arrangement is called:

A peritrichous

B lophotrichous

C monotrichous

D monotrichous

Question #35

Which of the following bacterial cell structures plays an important role in the creation of biofilms?

A glycocalyces

B fimbriae

C flagella

D more than one of these are correct

E none of these are correct

Question #36

Suppose that you made an anti-viral drug for SARS-COV2 that prevented it from attaching to the host cell receptor that it typically attaches to, called the ACE2 receptor. In terms of the virus’ ability to replicate, which of the following BEST describes what your novel (new) anti-viral drug did to prevent infection?

A prevented the virus from entering the host cell

B destroyed the viral nucleic acid

C prevented the virus from leaving the host cell

D none of these are correct

E prevented the virus from attaching to the host cell

Question #37

The general name of the functional group of proteins that microorganisms use to anchor themselves to the surface of their hosts are called:

A adhesins

B attachments

C phagocytosins

D hormones

Question #38

Bacterial cytoplasm can contain all of the following, EXCEPT:

A chlorophyll

B a nucleus

C ribosomes

D plasmids

Question #39

The presence of a bacterial capsule can help a bacterium that possesses it, in all of the following ways EXCEPT help it to:

A build biofilms

B evade PAMPS activation

C move to a new location

D damage host cells

E evade phagocytosis

Question #40

In which growth curve phase would you expect to observe the most endospores in a Bacillus cell culture?

A log phase

B death phase

C log, lag, and death phases would all have roughly the same number of endospores.

D lag phase

Question #41

Flemingâ s work and discovery of penicillin in the late 1920â s was a monumental contribution treating human bacterial infections. Approximately one-hundred years later, most bacteria it was originally used to treat have â madeâ their own enzymes to change penicillin and subsequently they have become resistant to its affects. Which of the following is the name of the portion of the antibiotic that resistant bacterial strains and their enzymes â attackâ , rendering the antibiotic harmless?

A beta lactam ring

B mycolic acid

C lipopolysaccharide

D peptidoglycan

Question #42

Usually, bacteria form more endospores in response to:

A nutrient surplus

B colony formation

C need for reproduction

D adverse environmental stress

Question #43

Which of the following is slippery outer covering found in some bacteria that protects them from phagocytosis by host phagocytic cells?

A peptidoglycan

B flagellum

C capsule

D cell wall

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