Lecture Exam 1

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Question #1

Which of the following BEST describes what the RO (R naught) value represents?

A number of incidences

B more than one of the choices are correct

C number of prevalence

D none of these is correct

E death rate

F infection rate

Question #2

An element’s reactive electrons are found in the shell the furthest away from its nucleus. Which of the following is the name of the shell that meets this description?

A inert electrons

B octet electrons

C reactive electrons

D valence electrons

Question #3

Suppose you have a bacterium that you find in a hot water spring that has a pH of 8.5. Your lab partner misunderstands your notes and changes the pH of the culture medium with this organism in it, to pH 5.5. Which of the following choices indicates how many more TIMES ACIDIC the new pH 5.5 solution is relative to what it originally was (8.5)?

A 10 times more acidic

B 1000 times more acidic

C 3 times more acidic

D 100 times more acidic

E 30 times more acidic

Question #4

Which of the following BEST describes Lavoisier’s Law of Conservation of Mass?

A energy and matter is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical processes.

B energy is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical processes.

C neither energy and matter can be created and destroyed in physical or chemical processes.

D matter is neither created nor destroyed in physical or chemical processes.

Question #5

Which of the following MUST all microorganisms do, in order to become resistant to antibiotics designed to kill them?

A change the antibiotic structure so that it cannot function

B change the microorganismâ s targeted cell structure

C move to a new location where there is no antibiotic

D increase the pH so that the antibiotic does not work

E none of these is correct

F more than one of the choices are correct

Question #6

Which of the following statements regarding past pandemics and the current SARS-COV2 (COVID 19) pandemic is CORRECT?

A ignorance almost always makes them worse

B they only affect poor, less affluent countries

C social isolation never makes them go away

D they usually end with very minimal loss of human life

Question #7

In our discussions, we described the Infectious Diseases Stage curve. Once infected with a pathogen, which of the following stages MAY NOT be experienced by all of your patients?

A more than one of the choices are correct

B illness

C decline

D prodromal

E convalescence

F incubation

Question #8

Which of the following statements about Case Fatality Ratio is CORRECT?

A is exactly the same for every infectious outbreak in recent history

B refers to the number of people an infected person will infect with the virus

C refers to the proportion of living cases among those that have the disease

D refers to the proportion of fatal cases among those that have the disease

Question #9

Which of the following best describes water droplet transmission?

A transmitting infectious water droplets through sneezing

B transmitting infectious water droplets through sweating

C transmitting infectious water droplets through laughing

D transmitting infectious water droplets through the rain

E none of these is correct

F more than one of the choices are correct

Question #10

All of the following are sources of INDIRECT host-to-host infection transmission EXCEPT:

A human hands

B towels

C needles

D none of these is correct

E more than one of the above is correct

F door handles

Question #11

Which of the following BEST defines what a zoonosis is?

A an infection whose spread cannot be controlled

B an infection that spreads between two humans

C an infection that spreads from an animal to a human

D an infection the spreads in a hospital

Question #12

Redi was the first microbiologist to cast doubt upon Aristotle’s spontaneous generation theory. His positive control was an open beaker with meat in it and his negative control was a tightly sealed beaker. Which of the following BEST describes Rediâ s experimental flask?

A a Swan necked flask

B a flask that was open for one week and sealed for another week

C a flask with a gauze covering

D a flask that was sealed and turned upside down

Question #13

According to CDC 2014 Ebola Virus out-break data, the total number of deaths resulting from Ebola virus was 11301. The fatalities occurred in the neighboring countries Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia. Geographically, these countries are very close together on the same continent and are not considered global. Which of the following terms BEST describes the distribution of the 2014 Ebola out-break?

A pandemic

B sporadic

C endemic

D epidemic

Question #14

Needham and Spallanzani conducted essentially the same experiment but generated different results and drew different conclusions. Which of the following BEST describes why they got different results?

A Needham covered his flasks with gauze after boiling the media

B Spallanzani covered his flasks with gauze before boiling

C Needham did not cover his flasks after boiling the media

D Spallanzani did not cover his flasks after boiling the media

Question #15

Which of the following BEST describes why the Nobel Gases like argon, neon, and radon considered to be unreactive elements?

A their outer shell is full of neutrons

B their outer shell is full of electrons

C their outer shell is full of protons

D their outer shell is full of atoms

Question #16

Which of the following pH measurements would be considered acidic?

A 14

B 7.5

C 1.5

D 7

E 8

Question #17

Which of the following is the BEST describes an infectious disease VECTOR?

A a place the microbe resides during an infection.

B a place for the microbe to live before and after infection.

C the animal or object that transmits the infectious disease to humans

D an infected host organism

Question #18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?

A illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline

B incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline

C prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline

D convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline

E incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Question #19

Which of the following statements is the BEST description of biogenesis?

A Microorganisms can be generated for nonliving matter

B oxygen is necessary for living organisms

C living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells

D nonliving matter gives rise to living organisms

Question #20

Which of the following is the most frequently used pathogen portal of entry?

A the urinary tract

B the respiratory tract

C the digestive tract

D the eyes and skin

E the placenta

Question #21

Which of the following describes a pathogen’s typical location site or natural habitat, where it often resides during and after an infection outbreak event?

A reservoir

B hot zone

C source

D vector

Question #22

Which of the following describes a symbiotic relationship whose interactions are always HARMFUL to the host?

A parasitism

B pathogenicity

C mutualism

D commensalism

Question #23

Which of the following did proponents of spontaneous generation believe was necessary for spontaneous generation to occur?

A disease

B bacteria

C cells

D air

Question #24

Which of the following terms specifically means “disease” ?

A prevalence

B morbidity

C incidence

D mortality

Question #25

The outcome of most host-parasite relationships depends on which of the following?

A none of these are correct

B the host’s defenses or degree of resistance

C the number of microorganisms infecting the host

D the virulence of the organism

E all of these are correct

Question #26

Which of the following Koch postulates presents ethical challenges for human infectious disease research?

A the organism must be isolated in all cases of disease

B the isolated organism must be inoculated in a human and cause disease

C the microorganism must be isolated in pure culture

D the organism must be isolated in pure culture from the lab animal

Question #27

Which of the following is the BEST definition of a pathogen?

A a virus that does nothing to humans

B a parasite that kills its host

C a parasite that infects dogs

D a microbe that causes disease in humans

Question #28

Which of the following describes those infections that spread through or within a clinical setting?

A community infections

B vector-borne infections

C nosocomial infections

D social infections

Question #29

Which of the following BEST describes the difference between chemically reactive and chemically unreactive elements?

A none of these

B the number of neutrons in the outer valence shell

C the number of protons in the outer valance shell

D the number of electrons in the outer valence shell

E all are correct

Question #30

Which of the following terms describe organisms who are ubiquitously found in nature, but that cause disease only in individuals whose defenses are somehow weak or compromised?

A partial

B common source

C nosocomial

D opportunistic

Question #31

Which of the following describes the type of bond between NaCl?

A polar-covalent bond.

B ionic bond.

C non-polar covalent bond

D hydrogen bond.

Question #32

Which of the following term describes resistance of a population to infection and pathogen spread due to preexisting population immunity?

A herd immunity

B threshold immunity

C resistance effect

D vicarious immunity

Question #33

Which of the following BEST describes a pathogen’s entry site?

A infectious point

B penetration point

C portal of entry

D lethal point

Question #34

Which of the following Infection Stages describes what happens IMMEDIATELY before AND after the prodromal period?

A the time of infection and death

B time of infection and recovery

C appearance of clinical symptoms and death

D the initial infection and appearance of clinical symptoms

Question #35

Which of the following describes primary purpose of Koch’s postulates?

A develop vaccines for specific diseases.

B isolate microorganisms from diseased animals.

C clearly identify and characterize a particular microorganism.

D demonstrate that a disease is caused by a specific microorganism.

Question #36

Which of the following factors play a key role in likelihood of spreading infectious disease?

A all of these

B genetic profile

C environmental conditions

D human behavior

Question #37

Strontium (ST) has five periods, an atomic number of 38 and is in group 2. Which of the following is strontium’s electron count?

A 2, 8, 18, 8, 5

B 2, 8, 18

C 2, 8, 18, 2

D 2, 8, 18, 8, 2

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