Midterm Examination 2

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Question #1

A gang member who has older brothers or fathers in the gang is referred to as ________.

A blood-in

B blessed-in

C coerced-in

D jumped-it

Question #2

Which of the following theories states that delinquency is likely to result when a strong bond to school does NOT develop?

A conflict theory

B labeling theory

C social control theory

D cultural deviance theory

Question #3

Gangs use younger and smaller members to ________.

A recruit female

B steal guns from stores

C deal cocaine out of cramped “rock houses

D steal bicycles

Question #4

Which of the following intervention programs is a family- and home-based treatment model that is based on research demonstrating the multidimensional causes of delinquent behavior?

A Strengthening Families Program

B Functional Family Therapy

C Multisystemic Therapy

D Adolescent Transitions Program

Question #5

The ________ theory provides an explanation for the onset and continued use of drugs by stating that the typical addict suffers from some deep-rooted emotional problem.

A stress relief

B social disorganization

C social control

D addictive personality

Question #6

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of at-risk adolescent females?

A school failure

B stories of victimization

C stable family life

D mental health and substance abuse problems

Question #7

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the findings of the landmark study of girls in the classroom undertaken by the American Association of University Women?

A High school girls are obsessed with popularity based on external characteristics.

B High school girls are obsessed with achievement.

C High school girls are obsessed with physical appearance.

D High school girls have intense mother-daughter patterns of communication.

Question #8

Which of the following is NOT an abuse suffered by adolescent females in the juvenile justice system?

A strip-searched in the presence of male officers

B withholding of food

C placement in isolation for trivial reasons

D inappropriate touching, pushing, and hitting by staff

Question #9

Which of the following is NOT a link in Travis Hirschi’s causal chain?

A poor parental performance

B rejection of school’s authority

C academic incompetence

D dislike of school

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT a general characteristic of violence prevention programs?

A aim to fix the psychological issues contributing to delinquency.

B address key areas of risk in youth’s lives

C provide youth with adequate supervision and support

D offer youth a long-term stay in the community

Question #11

Studies on sexually abused victims suggest that prostitution is a way for sexually abused female victims to ________.

A leave the home environment

B increase their livelihood

C take control of others by making them pay

D reduce the shame

Question #12

Which of the following types of gang leadership assign no written duties or titles to their leadership positions, but usually have two to four members who are considered the leaders of the group?

A influential type

B vertical type

C horizontal type

D commission type

Question #13

Which of the following statements regarding children with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender parents is TRUE?

A They do not reveal differences in the adjustment and development.

B They show conspicuous differences in their male and female behaviors (gender role behavior).

C They are more likely to be gay than children with heterosexual parents.

D They are more likely to be sexually abused.

Question #14

Which is NOT one of Chesney-Lind’s four propositions of the feminist theory of delinquency?

A On streets, girls get involved in criminal activities that exploit their sexuality.

B As girls run away from home, they become involved in various forms of crime.

C Victimizers utilize official agencies to keep victims vulnerable.

D Girls involved in criminal activity are rarely the victims of sexual abuse.

Question #15

Which theory posits that children who do poorly in school or who believe they have little chance of graduation are most likely to commit delinquent acts?

A blocked opportunity theory

B labeling theory

C drift theory

D culture theory

Question #16

Which of the following is NOT a frequently cited benefit of joining a gang?

A monetary profits from drugs

B enhanced prestige or status

C excitement

D opportunities to engage in political and social activism

Question #17

Butyl nitrite, gasoline, and paint thinners can typically produce feelings of excitement followed by disorientation when they are ________.

A absorbed

B injected

C ingested

D inhaled

Question #18

Which of the following views school as a means by which the privileged classes maintain power over the lower classes?

A cultural deviance theory

B strain theory

C social control theory

D radical theory

Question #19

Which of the following had the disastrous result of incarcerating many minority youths involved in selling or using crack cocaine for extended periods of time?

A Life Skills Training

B the war on drugs

C Project Alert

D Project Toward No Drug Abuse

Question #20

During the 1990s, the belief emerged that the most effective strategy for juvenile corrections is to place the thrust of prevention and diversion emphasis on ________.

A high-risk juveniles who have not committed crime

B high-risk juveniles who commit property crimes.

C low-risk juveniles who have not committed crime

D high-risk juveniles who commit violent acts.

Question #21

Michael F. de Vries argued that ________ is the heart of why African Americans find gang associations worthwhile.

A strain theory

B subcultural affiliation

C underclass theory

D social disorganization theory

Question #22

According to Richard Gelles, which of the following is a consistent conclusion of domestic violence research?

A There is hardly any relationship between neglect and abuse.

B Those abused in childhood will turn abusers.

C Those abused in childhood will turn away from child abuse.

D Most child abusers were brought up in a disciplined family environment.

Question #23

Which of the following is NOT a major organizational characteristic of urban gangs?

A leadership

B gang migration

C gang intimidation

D role expectations and sanctions

Question #24

Which of the following is TRUE according to Pam Patton?

A Girls focus on independence and autonomy, whereas boys focus on connectedness and interdependence.

B Girls resolve conflict based on relationships, whereas boys resolve conflict based on rules.

C Girls develop their identity in relation to the world, whereas boys develop their identity in relation to other people.

D Girls exhibit overaggression, whereas boys exhibit relational aggression.

Question #25

Which of the following programs believes all girls should have the opportunity to fulfill their potential and are encouraged to develop their culture and take pride in their core values.

A Yale Child Welfare Project

B Outward Bound

C Project Northland

D the Step Up Program

Question #26

Which of the following is a finding of studies undertaken to improve the quality of the school experience?

A Schools must stick to fixed hour schedules.

B Education must be oriented toward the entire group rather than an individual.

C Tracking systems should be used when and where possible.

D Good teaching is one of the first lines of defense against misbehavior.

Question #27

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor related to delinquency and drug use?

A living in an affluent neighborhood

B academic failure

C poor family management practices

D perinatal difficulties

Question #28

Which of the following programs is a three-year curriculum designed to prevent or reduce the use of “gateway” drugs, such as tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana.

A Life Skills Training (LST)

B Project toward No Drug Abuse (Project TND)

C Multisystemic Therapy (MST)

D Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS)

Question #29

Which of the following suggests that girls’ misbehavior can be controlled by inculcating values and attitudes, whereas more direct controls may be necessary to control boys’ deviance?

A power-control theory

B differential association theory

C interactionist theory

D labeling theory

Question #30

According to studies, which of the following behaviors is more likely to be exhibited by children who are rejected by their parents?

A oppressiveness

B submissiveness

C parental attachment

D delinquency

Question #31

The philosophy of ________ is that instead of quickly turning over youth to the justice system, the community should deal with its own problems and intervene on behalf of its youth.

A Life Skills Training (LST)

B Positive Youth Development

C Chicago Area Project

D Functional Family Therapy (FFT)

Question #32

Which of the following states that children learn delinquent behavior through being exposed to others and by mimicking or modeling others’ actions?

A labeling theory

B conflict theory

C strain theory

D cultural deviance theory

Question #33

What is the leading problem in implementing parent-training programs?

A recruiting volunteers to train parents

B cost of implementation

C finding places to train parents

D the recruitment and retention of parents

Question #34

The ________ explains the onset and escalation of adolescents’ drug use by claiming that a bleak economic environment for certain disenfranchised groups has created a generation of young adults in urban inner cities who regularly experience doubt, hopelessness, and uncertainty.

A stress relief theory

B addictive personality theory

C social disorganization theory

D social development model

Question #35

Angela Browne and David Finkelhor’s review of the literature on sexual abuse revealed that abuse by ________ has a more negative impact than abuse by others.

A sister

B mother

C father/stepfather

D brother

Question #36

Which of the following children are NOT at a greater risk of victimization?

A children with allegations of multiple types of maltreatment

B children with a disciplined family background

C children who were reported by educational personnel

D children reported to be victims of sexual abuse

Question #37

Involvement in ________ is one of the strongest predictors of violence for younger youth and the weakest for older youth.

A truancy

B violence

C substance abuse

D gangs

Question #38

Which of the following is TRUE regarding females in delinquent gangs?

A Girls receive no emotional fulfillment from their involvement in gang activity.

B Female gang members never participate in violent crimes.

C Female gangs are generally not violent in nature.

D Female gang members are not involved in the planning of gang activities.

Question #39

Denise Kandel and colleagues suggest that youths who become addicted to or dependent on drugs are more likely to ________.

A cause injury to themselves to steal drugs from medical facilities

B reach a turning point and stop using drugs

C raid their parent’s drug supplies

D commit crimes to maintain their drug supply

Question #40

Which of the following is NOT an agreement among experts regarding prevention?

A each community requires a package of services that involve community-wide planning

B no one solution exists to the delinquency prevention problem

C high-risk behaviors are independent, so prevention programs should have narrow and specific goals.

D the timing of interventions is critical in achieving a successful outcome

Question #41

According to Lee Bowker and Malcolm Klein, which of the following plays a major role in determining the gang membership and juvenile delinquency of women and girls in urban ghettos?

A personality variables and problems associated with homosexual behavior

B impact of racism, sexism, poverty, and limited opportunity structures

C relations with parents and problems associated with heterosexual behavior

D personality variables, relations with spouses, and unlimited opportunities

Question #42

________ is an approach designed to reduce the harm done to youths by drug use and by the severe penalties resulting from drug use and sales.

A Harm reduction

B Prevention programs

C War on drugs

D Drug courts

Question #43

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion that a protective service agency draws following the initial investigation?

A There is sufficient evidence to support the allegation of maltreatment.

B Maltreatment or the risk of maltreatment appears to be present.

C There is insufficient evidence to support maltreatment.

D Parents should be prosecuted in criminal court.

Question #44

According to statistical findings, which of the following children make up the largest percentage of victims?

A White

B African American

C Hispanic

D Asian

Question #45

According to the text, who controls drug trafficking in urban settings?

A adult suppliers independent of gang affiliations

B adult gang members

C juveniles independent of gang affiliations

D juvenile male gang members

Question #46

What did the U.S. Supreme Court rule in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette?

A School authorities do not have the right to deny free speech unless it interferes with school operations.

B A student’s right to style his or her hair is protected under the right to privacy.

C Due process requires a student to receive notice and opportunity for a hearing.

D Students could not be compelled to salute the flag if it violates their religious rights.

Question #47

________, a synthetic drug, was originally concentrated in California and has spread widely to other states.

A Crank

B Heroin

C Marijuana

D Ecstasy

Question #48

The relocation of gang members with their families from one city to another is called ________.

A moving

B migration

C shifting

D transporting

Question #49

According to biological and constitutional explanations, which of the following is a biopsychological vulnerability factor relating to delinquency of girls?

A intellectual accomplishments

B matriarchal family relations

C attention deficit disorder

D late pubertal maturation

Question #50

Which of the following is NOT one of the standards for evidence-based education listed by the State Education Resource Center?

A monitoring, accountability, and assessment

B parent/community involvement

C supportive, personalized, and relevant learning

D curriculum independent of learning expectations

Question #51

Which of the following is based on the assumption that the juvenile justice system does NOT see most serious offenders until it is too late to effectively intervene?

A training schools

B juvenile aftercare

C violence prevention programs

D tertiary prevention programs

Question #52

Which of the following is the basis of Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin’s theory about the origins of juvenile gangs?

A Joining a gang is part of the experience male adolescents need to grow up to adulthood.

B Lower-class boys interact with and gain support from other alienated individuals.

C Violent delinquent gangs arise out of conditions that encourage the development of a sociopathic personality in adolescents.

D Gang delinquency represents a subcultural and collective solution to the problem faced by lower-class boys.

Question #53

Gang members who are strongly attached to the gang and have few interests outside the gang are known as ________.

A regulars

B peripherals

C associates

D veterans

Question #54

________ are relatively weak predictors of violence for both younger and older youth.

A Broken homes and abusive parents

B Low SES and abusive parents

C Gang involvement and gun ownership

D Substance abuse and history of violence

Question #55

Which of the following is NOT a principle that Widom recommended to reduce the extent of child abuse?

A “Surveillance is a double-edged sword.”

B “Interventions are not one-time efforts.”

C “The earlier the intervention, the better.”

D “One size fits all.”

Question #56

Which of the following contends that adolescent girls’ victimization at home causes them to become delinquent?

A feminist theory of delinquency

B social learning theory

C interactionist theory of delinquency

D power-control theory

Question #57

According to Albert Cohen’s theory, which of the following encourages development of delinquent subcultures in schools?

A incompetent teachers

B inadequate parents

C status deprivation

D lenient rules

Question #58

Which of the following drugs, first made in Germany in the 1880s, was widely distributed to soldiers by the American military during World War II?

A cocaine

B methamphetamines

C heroin

D amphetamines

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Midterm Examination 2

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