Midterm Examination

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Question #1

Bonus: Which theorist offers a strategy which has no unit of analysis?

A Emile Durkheim

B Max Weber

C Karl Marx

D Donald Black

Question #2

Which is correct?

A any of these can be used with an interval variable

B means are most apppropriate for ordinal variables

C standard deviation is most appropriate for nominal variables

D medians are most appropriate for interval variables

Question #3

If a researcher examines newspaper editiorials from major US cities that dealt with the topic of grade inflation, the unit of observation would be:

A grade inflation

B major cities

C editorials

D newspapers

Question #4

What of the following is correct abut strata and clusters?

A This is not the answer.

B Strata are heterogenous and clusters are homogenous

C There is no difference between strata and clusters

D Clusters are chosen for convenience; strata are based on understandings of the population

Question #5

For which situation is cluster sampling most appropriate and efficient?

A a large population scattered across a wide geogrpahic area

B a large population centered in one area

C a small population scattered across a wide geographic area

D a small population centered in one area

Question #6

Random selection of elements in a sample can be accomplished by use of:

A a table of random incidents

B a table of random events

C a table of random numbers

D a random number of tables

Question #7

Non-probability sampling…

A should never be used under any circumstance

B always produces samples that possess distorted characteristics relative to the population

C requires the use of a complete sampling frame

D excludes the use of statistical theory to estimate the probability of correct inferences

Question #8

The statistical computations involved in the most commonly used test statistics assume:

A cluster sampling

B systematic random sampling

C simple random sampling

D startified sampling

Question #9

If the registrar reports that 10% of the student body is transfer students, and I instruct you to conduct 8 interviews with transfer students and 72 interviews with students who are not transfer students, what sampling method have I required of you and your project?

A cluster sampling

B stratified sampling

C quota sampling

D simple random sampling

Question #10

To study a fairly rare characteristic or behavior, which kind of sample are you more likely to use?

A Probability, because there is no sampling frame

B Non-probability, because that’s always the best

C non-probability, because there is no sampling frame

D Probability, because that’s always the best

Question #11

If you used the camppus telephone directory to sample students, those listed in it would be…

A the sampling error

B the sampling frame

C the main cluster

D the sample

Question #12

Which of these use judges or evaluators in their construction?

A Guttman scales

B Likert scales

C Thurstone scales

D none of the above

Question #13

Consider a questionnaire item which asks, “How do you feel about your instructor’s leadership style on the following two items” and respondents to choose between “valuable” and “worthless”, as well as between “easy” and “demanding”. Which kind of scale would involve that item?

A Thurstone scale

B semantic differential scale

C Guttman scale

D Likert scale

Question #14

Which of the following do indices and scales have in common?

A They rank order cases by a combination of variables

B They are both nominal measures

C Neither is useful in social research

D Their attributes form an intensity structure

Question #15

To consider an index undimensional, its component items indicate only one underlying factor.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #16

When a researcher is selecting items for an index, which of the following should be kept in mind?

A a composite measure should be undimensional

B There should be concern about the amount of variance provided by the items.

C each item should have face validity

D all of the above are correct

Question #17

What of the following is not an advantage of using indices?

A They’re more descriptive than components, because they encompass more variation

B They’re arguably more valid measurements if the underlying factor is difficult to grasp

C They provide stronger explanations of dependent variation because p values are higher

D They are more efficient in terms of analysis than using many separate variables

Question #18

It is acceptable to use shorthands, idioms, slang, even cliches as part of conceptualization.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #19

Conceptualization is the process of specifying how we observe something whose abstract meaning we’ve already identified.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #20

Which of these internal threats to validity does not result from interaction between researcher and subjects?

A personal attribute effect

B sleeper effects

C hawthorne effect

D sensitization

Question #21

Which of the following is not true about coding of data?

A coding schemes should be appropriate to the theoretical concepts examined

B you could use established codes or generate your own

C codes should capture as much detail as possible, at least initially

D codebooks should be firm, and not allowed to evolve over time

Question #22

What kind of data entry is most likely to be used to analyze responses to questions on this exam?

A edge coding

B transfer sheets

C timing marks

D direct data entry

Question #23

Which type of validity depends on a relationship among variables?

A construct

B criterion

C face

D content

Question #24

Which method of checking reliability requires some kind of longitudinal study?

A Cronbach’s alpha

B using established measures

C split-half method

D test-retest method

Question #25

Which of the following is a weakness of qualitative analysis?

A reliability and replicability problems raise questions about objectivity

B typically small samples mean that there is a problem with inferences

C personal and personnel differences introduce problems with reliability

D all of the above

Question #26

If accuracy has three parts, which of these is not one of them?

A truth

B validity

C reliability

D precision

Question #27

Which of the following is not a longitudinal design?

A cohort study

B panel study

C cross-sectional study

D trend study

Question #28

Codes, memos, and concept mapping are…

A survey tools used to record observations

B statistical tools used to assess statistical significance

C epistemological tools used to choose from among competing theories

D qualitative tools used to sort themes in content

Question #29

Compared to qualitative data, quantitative data are…

A easier to aggregate

B richer in meaning

C less reliable

D less explicit

Question #30

Unlike operations, concepts are…

A measurable

B variable

C observable

D abstract

Question #31

The unit of analysis and the unit of observation need to be the same thing.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #32

Which of the following ought (according to the instructor) to occur before operationalization?

A statistical analysis

B sampling procedures

C choice of observation method

D data processing

Question #33

According to the instructor, which of these is not a unique purpose of sociological research?

A evaluation

B explanation

C exploration

D description

Question #34

Idiographic explanations seek to explain things “economically” using as few factors as possible.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #35

Which of the following did the instructor present as the most important criteria of “good theory”?

A testability

B simplicity

C generality

D originality

Question #36

The statement “Wealthy countries should give aid to poorer countries” is a…

A theory

B bivariate conceptualization

C hypothesis

D value judgement

Question #37

According to the wheel of science, science is primarily…

A neither inductive nor deductive

B inductive

C deductive

D both dedeuctive and inductive

Question #38

Which of these barriers to knowledge can be overcome somewhat by using samples and replication?

A overgeneralization

B hawthorne effect

C illogical reasoning

D ecological fallacy

Question #39

Which of thes eontological appraoches does the instructor say science employs?

A post-modernism

B positivism

C realism

D empiricism

Question #40

With which of thes eontological approaches are scientists often accuse of being aligned?

A post-modernism

B empiricism

C realism

D Positivism

Question #41

Science offers total protection against the errors non-scientists commit in casual injury.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #42

Which of these was not given as an advantage for science as a way of knowing?

A systematic reduction of ties

B ability to capture absolute truth about reality

C audience appeal

D clear criteria for evaluation

Question #43

Which of these “ways of knowing” obstructs knowledge by refusing to be wrong?

A tradition

B intuition

C mysticism

D all of the above

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