Module 6 Quiz

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Question #1

Why are factorial designs useful in testing theories?

A Results from factorial designs are always intuitive.

B They allow researchers to understand the nuances of how variables interact.

C They allow researchers to explore the construct validity of a theory.

D Results from factorial designs are typically straightforward and easy to interpret.

Question #2

Which of the following things can be done to reduce the effect of individual differences?

A using a matched-groups design

B using a between-groups design

C collecting measurements from diverse groups of people

D decrease power

Question #3

Which of the following things can be done to reduce measurement error?

A using a pretest/posttest design

B increasing unsystematic variance

C using less precise measurements

D using more reliable measurements

Question #4

Which of the following research designs is used to address possible selection effects?

A correlational designs

B pretest/posttest designs

C matched-groups designs

D posttest-only designs

Question #5

Which of the following is true of instrumentation threats?

A They are the same as testing threats.

B They occur only when using mechanical instruments (e.g., blood pressure cuffs, scales).

C They are problematic only in observational research.

D They can be avoided with counterbalancing.

Question #6

Which of the following is true of ceiling and floor effects?

A They can be caused by poorly designed dependent variables.

B They don’t affect the results of a study.

C They cannot be detected by manipulation checks.

D They are problematic only in pretest/posttest designs.

Question #7

Which of the following is an advantage of within-groups designs?

A These designs avoid order effects.

B These designs are always possible.

C These designs avoid demand characteristics.

D These designs rely on fewer participants.

Question #8

Which of the following is a threat to internal validity found in within-groups designs but not in independent-groups designs?

A selection effects

B practice effects

C design confounds

D demand characteristics

Question #9

Which of the following is a reason that researchers typically choose to prioritize internal over external validity?

A They want to be able to generalize results to the population.

B Researchers can seek out more diverse and representative participants.

C Conducting an experiment in the laboratory is more expensive and time consuming.

D Having a confound-free setting allows them to make causal claims.

Question #10

Which of the following can help prevent testing effects?

A using a clear coding manual

B establishing reliability of the measure

C using a comparison group

D employing a pretest-only design

Question #11

Which of the following can be said of the interaction in a study?

A It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.

B It can be determined by investigating marginal means.

C It is usually less important than a study’s main effects.

D There can be only one type of interaction.

Question #12

When interrogating the construct validity of the dependent variable in an experiment, which of the following questions should be asked?

A “How well was this variable controlled by the experimenter?”

B “How well was this variable measured?”

C “How well was this variable manipulated?”

D “How well was this variable explained to participants?”

Question #13

Using a matched-group design is especially important in which of the following cases?

A when you have a complex dependent variable

B when you do not have a control group

C when you have at least three levels/conditions of the independent variable

D when you have only a few people in your study

Question #14

The arithmetic means for each level of an independent variable, averaging over levels of the other independent variable, are called

A estimate means.

B factorial means.

C marginal means.

D interaction means.

Question #15

Testing threats involve ________, whereas instrumentation threats involve ________.

A researchers; participants

B independent variables; dependent variables

C within-groups; between groups

D participants; measurements

Question #16

Researchers conducting an experiment can ensure temporal precedence by doing which of the following?

A having a control group

B manipulating the cause before measuring the effect

C running a manipulation check

D establishing covariance

Question #17

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one’s score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.
Dr. Dormeur was concerned that asking participants how long it took them to fall asleep would lead them to suspect that was the purpose of the study. Her decision to measure how long it took participants to go to sleep using the EEG instead of self-report was meant to decrease which of the following?

A order effects

B demand characteristics

C counterbalancing effects

D selection effects

Question #18

RESEARCH STUDY 10.2: Dr. Dormeur studies sleep and sleep disorders. She is curious as to whether technology exposure before bedtime causes people to fall asleep more slowly. She recruits a sample of 60 middle-aged women from a local church who reported no history of sleep problems. She creates three conditions. All participants come to the sleep lab for three nights in a row and experience all three conditions. In the first condition (A), participants were asked to play an online game (Candy Crush) on an iPad for 10 minutes prior to going to bed. In the second condition (B), participants were asked to read an article using an iPad that discussed tricks and tips for improving one’s score on Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). In the third condition (C), participants were asked to read a newspaper article about the inventor of Candy Crush (which took about 10 minutes). With the use of an electroencephalograph (EEG), the researcher measures how long it takes participants to fall asleep.
Given that there are three conditions/levels of the independent variable, how many orders of the conditions are possible in Dr. Dormeur’s study?

A three

B six

C nine

D twelve

Question #19

Lakshmi wants to know whether a new TV show helps children learn their ABCs. She discovers there is an interaction with whether or not parents watched the show alongside the child. Which of the following statements best describes this finding?

A The show did not improve ABC skills because parents had to be there.

B Learning ABCs depends on watching a TV show.

C The show improved ABC skills only for kids whose parents watched along with them.

D Only parents can teach children their ABCs.

Question #20

In what way does high within-groups variance obscure between-groups variance?

A It leads to larger effect sizes.

B It decreases the power of the study.

C It limits the type of statistical analyses that can be conducted.

D It causes more overlap in scores between experimental/comparison groups.

Question #21

Imagine that you are reading a journal article and you see the following sentence: “The study used a 2 × 2 × 4 design.” Based on this sentence alone, you would know which of the following pieces of information?

A the number of main effects that need to be examined

B the number of participants in the study

C the statistical significance of the interaction

D the number of participant variables

Question #22

If a person describes the results of a study to you by saying that there is a zero difference in one condition but a large difference in another condition, the person is most likely describing which of the following?

A a spreading interaction

B a crossover interaction

C a difference interaction

D a three-way interaction

Question #23

If a narrow confidence interval contains zero, then the effect is

A at ceiling.

B at floor.

C null.

D significant.

Question #24

Experiments use random assignment to avoid which of the following?

A selection effects

B demand characteristics

C carryover effects

D random selection

Question #25

Dr. Kline, an environmental psychologist, conducts a study to examine whether visiting zoos causes people to have more positive attitudes toward environmental conservation. He asks a group of 45 people attending the zoo on a Saturday morning about their attitudes. He finds that 69% of the people report having a positive attitude after their visit. Which of the following is true?

A His control group is people who did not visit the zoo.

B He does not have a dependent variable.

C He can make a strong causal claim about the effect of zoo visits on environmental attitudes.

D His study does not qualify as an experiment.

Question #26

Dr. Hoff is curious as to whether children in a kindergarten classroom will be friendlier after talking about friendship. Immediately before and after the discussion, she has several undergraduate research assistants code the “friendliness” of a group of kindergarteners. Which of the following threats should Dr. Hoff be most concerned about?

A history

B testing

C maturation

D instrumentation

Question #27

Dr. Granger notices that 20 students in their longitudinal study of 100 college students dropped out of the experiment over time. When they look at the missing data, they discover that those 20 students had significantly lower pretest scores than the 80 with complete data. Which type of threat is this an example of?

A attrition

B history

C testing

D instrumentation

Question #28

Dr. Georgiou wants to help undergraduates overcome homesickness. She gives a survey to 500 undergraduates and picks the 50 who scored the highest on her measure of homesickness to complete her treatment. After three weeks, she tests them again and finds their homesickness scores are significantly lower. Which of the following is a threat to her study?

A regression to the mean

B observer bias

C testing

D selection effect

Question #29

Dr. Gavin is conducting a 2 × 4 independent-groups factorial design. Assuming he wants 25 people in each cell, how many participants does Dr. Gavin need to recruit?

A 150

B 250

C 100

D 200

Question #30

Dr. Adebayo is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n)

A outlier.

B weak manipulation.

C ceiling effect.

D floor effect.

Question #31

Davonte conducts a study on numerical reasoning in two-year-olds. He wants to know whether showing them an educational YouTube video will help them improve their counting abilities. For his dependent variable, he asks each child to count to 100. He finds no change from pretest to posttest and discovers most children couldn’t count past 10. This is an example of

A a ceiling effect.

B a floor effect.

C a noise effect.

D a maturation effect.

Question #32

Considering a measure’s face validity is

A the first step in establishing causation.

B not necessary in experiments.

C only done if an experiment uses observational measures.

D a good way to interrogate the construct validity of the dependent variable.

Question #33

Ceiling effects can lead to

A all participants performing poorly.

B large variance between groups.

C small variance between groups.

D large variance within groups.

Question #34

Ceiling effects can affect

A both independent and dependent variables.

B dependent variables only.

C independent variables only.

D certain groups more than others.

Question #35

An independent-groups design is also known as a design __________.

A mixed

B matched-groups

C between-subjects

D within-groups

Question #36

An author might use all of the following methods to indicate statistical significance EXCEPT

A the inclusion of a graph.

B using the word significant.

C including an asterisk in a table.

D using the notation p < 0.05.

Question #37

After finding a null result in her study, a researcher decides to conduct a follow-up study where she limits who the findings will generalize to. Which cause of within-group variance is she trying to reduce?

A measurement error

B situation noise

C individual differences

D lack of power

Question #38

A threat to internal validity occurs only if a potential design confound varies with the independent variable

A especially.

B haphazardly.

C spontaneously.

D systematically.

Question #39

A researcher’s attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following?

A weak manipulations

B situation noise

C between-group variance

D demand characteristics

Question #40

A participant’s score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following?

A systematic variance and error variance

B measurement error and their true score

C their mean score and their standard deviation

D manipulation effect and observer bias

Question #41

A design in which participants are exposed to all the levels of an independent variable at roughly the same time and a single attitudinal or behavioral preference is the dependent variable is known as a(n)

A concurrent-measures design.

B between-group design.

C repeated-measures design.

D staggered-administration design.

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