Module 4 Quiz

A  Zariah was mistaken, and the socks actually did differ in quality.

B  People are not always able to accurately explain their responses.

C  People were giving socially desirable responses and not being honest.

D  Zariah needs to consider the accuracy of flashbulb memories.

A  It is unlikely that the accuracy of estimates can be checked.

B  Representative samples allow for enhanced internal and external validity.

C  Frequency claims require very large samples, and representative samples are always large.

D  It is unethical to make frequency claims without representative samples.

A  They are too conceptual.

B  They may have poor construct validity.

C  They are leading questions.

D  They may be too easy to answer.

A  They both are necessary for frequency claims.

B  They both mean the same thing.

C  Random assignment is necessary for internal validity, whereas random sampling is necessary for external validity.

D  Random sampling is more important than random assignment.

A  systematic sample

B  stratified random sample

C  snowball sample

D  simple random sample

A  purposive sample

B  convenience sample

C  snowball sample

D  systematic sample

A  “Have you ever sent a ‘sext’ (a sexually explicit message or photo)?”

B  “Why did you choose your Facebook profile photo?

C  “How often do you shop online?”

D  “When was the last time you tweeted/retweeted?”

A  People are better able to remember vivid memories.

B  The confidence people have in their memories is not strongly related to the accuracy of their memory.

C  People are very good judges of the reasons for their behavior.

D  If people are inaccurate in reporting their reasons for behavior, it is because they are deliberately trying to be deceptive.

A  It requires a research assistant to be with the participant at all times.

B  It is a more reliable and valid method than self-report methodology.

C  It requires recording technology, such as video cameras.

D  It may tell a different story than data collected by self-report questions.

A  Surveys and polls can support only frequency claims.

B  Surveys and polls can efficiently measure people’s subjective feelings.

C  Surveys and polls utilize only one type of question format.

D  Surveys and polls are an accurate way to measure people’s actual behavior.

A  observer bias

B  nondifferentiation

C  socially desirable responding

D  uniqueness

A  Researchers recruited participants from online websites, such as Prolific Academic.

B  Researchers oversampled Latinx participants for their study and adjusted their results.

C  Researchers reached out to participants attending Gambler’s Anonymous meetings.

D  Researchers asked international college students to recommend other international students to participate in their study.

A  a person’s opinions about a healthcare law

B  a person’s attitude toward their doctor

C  a person’s thoughts about whether they prefer Advil or Tylenol

D  a person’s feelings about people diagnosed with cancer

A  “I want to make a causal claim.”

B  “I do not want to have to worry about ethics.”

C  “I do not want to have to worry about the construct validity of my conceptual variable.”

D  “I want to measure something that people may not know how often they do it.”

A  how many response options it has

B  how many people answer it

C  how well it is worded

D  how short it is

A  How many people are in the sample?

B  How was the sample collected?

C  How many people are in the population?

D  How were the participants measured?

A  We can generalize the results of the study to all Americans.

B  We are uncertain about the generalizability of the results.

C  We can generalize the results of the study only to Americans with adverse childhood experiences.

D  The results are incorrect because the study did not use a random sample.

A  We are uncertain about the generalizability of the results.

B  We can generalize the results of the study to all Americans.

C  The results are incorrect because the study did not use a random sample.

D  We can generalize the results of the study only to Americans with adverse childhood experiences.

A  all students in his Introduction to Neuroscience class

B  all students at the university

C  all psychology majors and minors

D  all students he is currently teaching

A  If he uses hidden cameras, he does not need to tell the participants they have been videotaped.

B  He will be unable to use videotape because he is studying children.

C  He will likely need to get permission to videotape the children prior to doing so.

D  He can use the videotapes regardless of whether the adult objects as long as the child agrees.

A  unobtrusive observation.

B  delayed observation.

C  a blind study design.

D  a double-blind study design.

A  convergent validity

B  face validity

C  test-retest reliability

D  interrater reliability

A  quota sampling

B  systematic sampling

C  stratified random sampling

D  cluster sampling

A  simple random sampling

B  cluster sampling

C  convenience sampling

D  stratified random sampling

A  they are unable to capture people’s true opinions because they evoke an emotional response.

B  they capture people’s ability to understand the question rather than their true opinions.

C  they lead people to respond with a certain viewpoint rather than with their true opinions.

D  they are too simple to truly capture people’s true opinions.

A  bystander effect.

B  faking good.

C  yea-saying biases.

D  observer bias.

A  He is concerned that Julian’s results could be affected by question order.

B  He is concerned that Julian’s participants will try to fake good.

C  He is concerned that Julian’s participants will use shortcuts.

D  He is concerned that Julian has a double-barreled question.

A  a study of people who have been to the doctor in the past year

B  a study of teenagers whose parents are both deployed overseas in the military

C  a study of high school students

D  a study of first-time homeowners

A  conducted a census.

B  collected a sample.

C  biased the study.

D  increased internal validity.

A  conducted a census.

B  increased internal validity.

C  collected a sample.

D  biased the study.

A  They give people more answer options.

B  They slow down readers, making them answer more carefully.

C  They ask each question twice so the participant answers twice.

D  They are easier for people to read.

A  Both identify subgroups that need to be studied.

B  Both result in representative samples.

C  Both result in nonrepresentative samples.

D  Both randomly sample subgroups to be studied.

A  “Forty-three percent of psychology majors report being frustrated by people asking them if they are psychoanalyzing them.”

B  “People who report knowing someone who has been diagnosed with skin cancer also report having greater sunscreen use.”

C  “Receiving weekly feedback from your supervisor increases work productivity.”

D  “Having a dark triad personality is associated with having greater relationship problems.”

A  He contacts the Twitter followers of Dr. Oiseau, a famous biologist who studies birds.

B  He asks bird owners to give him the names of other bird owners.

C  His participants are all the people who have purchased birds at his local pet store in the past six months.

D  He recruits bird owners by e-mailing members of the National Bird Owners Association and asking for participants.

A  systematic sample

B  snowball sample

C  multistage sample

D  cluster sample

A  statistical significance

B  sampling bias

C  margin of error

D  probability value

A  Statistical validity would become negatively affected.

B  The margin of error would become smaller.

C  External validity would become less important.

D  The true estimate would increase.

A  using scales with an even number of response options

B  using a Likert scale

C  providing a “no opinion” option

D  using reverse-worded questions

A  “Do you agree that tax cuts are an important issue and there should be tax cuts? Yes or No.”

B  “Most Americans believe that there should not be tax cuts. Please rate your opinions about tax cuts on a 1 (Disagree) to 5 (Agree) scale.”

C  “The government should never raise taxes. Please rate your agreement on a 1 (Disagree) to 7 (Agree) scale.

D  “Please rate your opinions about tax cuts on a 1 (I strongly disagree with tax cuts) to 7 (I strongly agree with tax cuts) scale.”

A  quota sampling

B  stratified random sampling

C  purposive sampling

D  snowball sampling

A  convenience sampling

B  snowball sampling

C  purposive sampling

D  self-selection sampling

A  studying people who are colleagues of the researcher

B  studying people who are willing to participate

C  studying people who are typical

D  studying people who are easy to find

A  observer effects

B  a masked study design

C  observer bias

D  self-report operationalization

A  part; entire

B  external; internal

C  participants; researchers

D  people; groups

A  ordered question.

B  leading question.

C  negatively worded question.

D  double-barreled question.

A  ideal

B  unusual

C  basic

D  complicated