Module 3 Quiz (2)

A  Researchers must conduct research with other researchers.

B  Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants.

C  Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

D  Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study.

A  criterion validity

B  discriminant validity

C  convergent validity

D  content validity

A  Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity.

B  Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.

C  The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter.

D  Correlations are not used to examine validity.

A  a description of the study’s hypotheses

B  a list of procedures

C  a statement of benefits

D  a statement of risks

A  It is akin to lying.

B  It violates an APA standard.

C  It violates a Belmont principle.

D  It makes psychology researchers look bad.

A  Researchers have to determine whether convergent validity predicts discriminant validity.

B  Both terms refer to the same type of validity.

C  Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity.

D  Both types of validity are subjective in that they are determined by experts in the field.

A  internal reliability and interrater reliability

B  interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

C  all types of reliability

D  internal reliability and test-retest reliability

A  self-report measure

B  physiological measure

C  conceptual measure

D  observational measure

A  The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

B  Animals should be used only in observational research.

C  Animals should have the same rights as humans.

D  Ethical issues are less important in research with animals than in research with humans.

A  It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

B  It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe.

C  It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

D  It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies.

A  Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

B  Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

C  Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.

D  Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception.

A  There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition.

B  Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined.

C  Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

D  The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

A  a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

B  a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

C  a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

D  a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

A  It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

B  It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability.

C  It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies.

D  It prevents researchers from being sued.

A  They believe that the data they create is equally as valid as data that would be collected from participants.

B  A journal might require it for higher impact.

C  They are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication or falsification.

D  They feel pressure to publish findings.

A  A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

B  A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

C  A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes.

D  A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.

A  Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

B  Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

C  Participants were not treated respectfully.

D  Participants were harmed.

A  ensuring anonymity

B  obtaining IRB approval

C  obtaining informed consent

D  minimizing harm

A  convergent

B  criterion

C  discriminant

D  face

A  tell the participant the hypotheses of the study

B  explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

C  explain how scientific fraud will be avoided

D  tell the participants about any deception in the study

A  if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

B  if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)

C  if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women)

D  it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

A  Confidential research collects participants’ names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants’ names.

B  Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

C  Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

D  Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

A  If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

B  Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts.

C  If a measure is reliable, it is also valid.

D  Reliability and validity are the same concept.

A  the principle of beneficence

B  the principle of justice

C  the principle of integrity

D  the principle of respect for persons

A  Institutional Review Board.

B  American Psychological Association.

C  Belmont Report.

D  Nuremberg Code.

A  5; 10

B  3; 10

C  3; 5

D  3; 8

A  to obtain evidence for convergent validity

B  to obtain evidence for face validity

C  to obtain evidence for criterion validity

D  to obtain evidence for content validity

A  give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings

B  give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

C  correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

D  ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid

A  convergent validity

B  criterion validity

C  content validity

D  discriminant validity

A  discriminant validity

B  predictive validity

C  convergent validity

D  content validity

A  operationalization

B  conceptualization

C  reliability

D  validity

A  validity.

B  convenience.

C  reliability.

D  operational definition.

A  a negative finding

B  a nonrelationship

C  a strong relationship

D  a valid finding

A  the principle of beneficence

B  the principle of respect for persons

C  the principle of justice

D  the principle of integrity

A  whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

B  whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe

C  whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception

D  whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

A  students from a community college

B  patients from Dr. Kushner’s clinical psychology practice

C  people with a history of insomnia

D  employees from a local daycare center

A  an interval scale of measurement

B  a categorical measurement

C  a self-report measurement

D  an ordinal scale of measurement

A  At least three groups must be used.

B  The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

C  Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated.

D  After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

A  physical harm

B  scientific fraud

C  psychological distress

D  lack of confidentiality

A  They are federal crimes.

B  They impede scientific progress.

C  Data are easy to acquire.

D  They are impossible to discover.

A  Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

B  Neither group of participants can provide informed consent.

C  Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.

D  Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.

A  observational measurement

B  physiological measurement

C  archival measurement

D  self-report measurement

A  criterion

B  discriminant

C  convergent

D  face

A  an abstract concept

B  a behavior that is directly observable

C  physical measurements (e.g., length)

D  a concrete construct

A  He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study.

B  Public opinion about that type of research has changed.

C  New findings have made such research less beneficial.

D  There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

A  test-retest reliability

B  interrater reliability

C  internal reliability

D  internal consistency

A  Interrater reliability is typically calculated only for the experimenter to evaluate the ratings and is rarely reported in journal articles.

B  The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings.

C  The combination of internal reliability and test-retest reliability provide enough information about the study’s reliability.

D  Since the study has good internal reliability, it is not necessary to report interrater reliability.

A  criterion

B  content

C  face

D  divergent

A  r= 0.83

B  r= 1.0

C  r=–1.0

D  r=–0.18

A  failing the Principle of Justice.

B  legal protection of lab animals.

C  data falsification/fabrication.

D  using deception.

A  the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

B  the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements

C  the outliers present in the two measurements

D  the validity and reliability of two measurements

A  -0.1

B  -.50

C  +.50

D  +.10