Module 3 Quiz (2)

A  Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study.

B  Researchers must conduct research with other researchers.

C  Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants.

D  Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

A  convergent validity

B  discriminant validity

C  content validity

D  criterion validity

A  The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter.

B  Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity.

C  Correlations are not used to examine validity.

D  Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.

A  a description of the study’s hypotheses

B  a statement of benefits

C  a list of procedures

D  a statement of risks

A  It violates an APA standard.

B  It makes psychology researchers look bad.

C  It is akin to lying.

D  It violates a Belmont principle.

A  Both types of validity are subjective in that they are determined by experts in the field.

B  Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity.

C  Researchers have to determine whether convergent validity predicts discriminant validity.

D  Both terms refer to the same type of validity.

A  all types of reliability

B  internal reliability and interrater reliability

C  internal reliability and test-retest reliability

D  interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

A  physiological measure

B  observational measure

C  self-report measure

D  conceptual measure

A  Animals should be used only in observational research.

B  Ethical issues are less important in research with animals than in research with humans.

C  The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

D  Animals should have the same rights as humans.

A  It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe.

B  It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies.

C  It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

D  It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

A  Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception.

B  Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

C  Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

D  Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.

A  There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition.

B  The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

C  Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

D  Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined.

A  a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

B  a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

C  a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

D  a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

A  It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies.

B  It prevents researchers from being sued.

C  It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

D  It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability.

A  A journal might require it for higher impact.

B  They feel pressure to publish findings.

C  They believe that the data they create is equally as valid as data that would be collected from participants.

D  They are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication or falsification.

A  A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes.

B  A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

C  A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

D  A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.

A  Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

B  Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

C  Participants were harmed.

D  Participants were not treated respectfully.

A  minimizing harm

B  obtaining IRB approval

C  ensuring anonymity

D  obtaining informed consent

A  convergent

B  discriminant

C  criterion

D  face

A  tell the participant the hypotheses of the study

B  tell the participants about any deception in the study

C  explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

D  explain how scientific fraud will be avoided

A  if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

B  it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

C  if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)

D  if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women)

A  Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

B  Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

C  Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

D  Confidential research collects participants’ names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants’ names.

A  Reliability and validity are the same concept.

B  If a measure is reliable, it is also valid.

C  Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts.

D  If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

A  the principle of integrity

B  the principle of respect for persons

C  the principle of beneficence

D  the principle of justice

A  Belmont Report.

B  Nuremberg Code.

C  American Psychological Association.

D  Institutional Review Board.

A  3; 8

B  3; 10

C  3; 5

D  5; 10

A  to obtain evidence for face validity

B  to obtain evidence for criterion validity

C  to obtain evidence for content validity

D  to obtain evidence for convergent validity

A  correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

B  ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid

C  give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

D  give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings

A  content validity

B  criterion validity

C  convergent validity

D  discriminant validity

A  convergent validity

B  predictive validity

C  content validity

D  discriminant validity

A  operationalization

B  validity

C  conceptualization

D  reliability

A  operational definition.

B  validity.

C  convenience.

D  reliability.

A  a nonrelationship

B  a strong relationship

C  a valid finding

D  a negative finding

A  the principle of justice

B  the principle of respect for persons

C  the principle of beneficence

D  the principle of integrity

A  whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

B  whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception

C  whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

D  whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe

A  employees from a local daycare center

B  patients from Dr. Kushner’s clinical psychology practice

C  students from a community college

D  people with a history of insomnia

A  an ordinal scale of measurement

B  an interval scale of measurement

C  a self-report measurement

D  a categorical measurement

A  At least three groups must be used.

B  Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated.

C  The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

D  After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

A  scientific fraud

B  physical harm

C  psychological distress

D  lack of confidentiality

A  They impede scientific progress.

B  They are impossible to discover.

C  They are federal crimes.

D  Data are easy to acquire.

A  Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.

B  Neither group of participants can provide informed consent.

C  Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.

D  Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

A  self-report measurement

B  physiological measurement

C  archival measurement

D  observational measurement

A  discriminant

B  face

C  convergent

D  criterion

A  a behavior that is directly observable

B  physical measurements (e.g., length)

C  a concrete construct

D  an abstract concept

A  He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study.

B  Public opinion about that type of research has changed.

C  New findings have made such research less beneficial.

D  There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

A  internal consistency

B  internal reliability

C  interrater reliability

D  test-retest reliability

A  The combination of internal reliability and test-retest reliability provide enough information about the study’s reliability.

B  Since the study has good internal reliability, it is not necessary to report interrater reliability.

C  The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings.

D  Interrater reliability is typically calculated only for the experimenter to evaluate the ratings and is rarely reported in journal articles.

A  criterion

B  content

C  face

D  divergent

A  r=–0.18

B  r=–1.0

C  r= 1.0

D  r= 0.83

A  failing the Principle of Justice.

B  data falsification/fabrication.

C  using deception.

D  legal protection of lab animals.

A  the outliers present in the two measurements

B  the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

C  the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements

D  the validity and reliability of two measurements

A  -.50

B  +.50

C  +.10

D  -0.1