Module 3 Quiz (2)

A  Researchers must discuss their ethical choices with their participants.

B  Researchers must consider the opinions of others, including institutional review board (IRB) members and peers.

C  Researchers must conduct research with other researchers.

D  Researchers must consult with lawyers before they conduct a study.

A  content validity

B  convergent validity

C  criterion validity

D  discriminant validity

A  Correlations are not used to examine validity.

B  Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity.

C  The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter.

D  Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity.

A  a statement of risks

B  a description of the study’s hypotheses

C  a statement of benefits

D  a list of procedures

A  It violates a Belmont principle.

B  It violates an APA standard.

C  It is akin to lying.

D  It makes psychology researchers look bad.

A  Researchers have to look at the patterns of correlations for both types of validity.

B  Both types of validity are subjective in that they are determined by experts in the field.

C  Researchers have to determine whether convergent validity predicts discriminant validity.

D  Both terms refer to the same type of validity.

A  internal reliability and interrater reliability

B  internal reliability and test-retest reliability

C  all types of reliability

D  interrater reliability and test-retest reliability

A  self-report measure

B  conceptual measure

C  observational measure

D  physiological measure

A  Animals should be used only in observational research.

B  Ethical issues are less important in research with animals than in research with humans.

C  Animals should have the same rights as humans.

D  The use of animals in research is justified by the knowledge that is gained from the research.

A  It was written at the request of the U.S. Congress.

B  It was replaced by the APA guidelines.

C  It was written primarily in response to the Milgram obedience studies.

D  It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe.

A  Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

B  Students are not tolerant of any degree of deception.

C  Students find the negative effects of deception to be worsened by debriefing.

D  Students usually are tolerant of studies that use major deception.

A  Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined.

B  Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing.

C  There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition.

D  The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

A  a researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

B  a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

C  a researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he is unable to recruit at least 50 participants

D  a researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study

A  It informs participants about the presence and purpose of deception in a study.

B  It gives participants an opportunity to sign a waiver releasing the researcher from any liability.

C  It prevents researchers from being sued.

D  It allows researchers to get feedback from participants about how to design follow-up studies.

A  They believe that the data they create is equally as valid as data that would be collected from participants.

B  They are curious to see if other scientists would be able to detect the data fabrication or falsification.

C  They feel pressure to publish findings.

D  A journal might require it for higher impact.

A  A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness.

B  A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually.

C  A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.

D  A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes.

A  Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

B  Participants were not treated respectfully.

C  Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

D  Participants were harmed.

A  ensuring anonymity

B  obtaining informed consent

C  obtaining IRB approval

D  minimizing harm

A  discriminant

B  face

C  criterion

D  convergent

A  tell the participants about any deception in the study

B  tell the participant the hypotheses of the study

C  explicitly inform participants of any potential risks involved in participating in the study

D  explain how scientific fraud will be avoided

A  if the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)

B  it is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied

C  if the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women)

D  if the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women)

A  Confidential research collects participants’ names but separates them from the data; anonymous research does not collect participants’ names.

B  Anonymous research and confidential research are the same thing.

C  Confidential research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); anonymous research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

D  Anonymous research collects sensitive information about participants (e.g., sexual behavior, illegal behavior); confidential research collects nonsensitive information about participants.

A  Reliability and validity are the same concept.

B  Reliability and validity are unrelated concepts.

C  If a measure is reliable, it is also valid.

D  If a measure is valid, it is also reliable.

A  the principle of respect for persons

B  the principle of justice

C  the principle of integrity

D  the principle of beneficence

A  Nuremberg Code.

B  Belmont Report.

C  American Psychological Association.

D  Institutional Review Board.

A  5; 10

B  3; 5

C  3; 10

D  3; 8

A  to obtain evidence for criterion validity

B  to obtain evidence for face validity

C  to obtain evidence for convergent validity

D  to obtain evidence for content validity

A  ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid

B  correlate the measure with a behavior, such as amount of money lost in a casino during the past year

C  give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients

D  give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings

A  content validity

B  convergent validity

C  criterion validity

D  discriminant validity

A  convergent validity

B  predictive validity

C  discriminant validity

D  content validity

A  operationalization

B  validity

C  conceptualization

D  reliability

A  operational definition.

B  convenience.

C  validity.

D  reliability.

A  a strong relationship

B  a valid finding

C  a nonrelationship

D  a negative finding

A  the principle of integrity

B  the principle of respect for persons

C  the principle of justice

D  the principle of beneficence

A  whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

B  whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

C  whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe

D  whether his institutional review board (IRB) will approve the use of deception

A  students from a community college

B  employees from a local daycare center

C  patients from Dr. Kushner’s clinical psychology practice

D  people with a history of insomnia

A  a self-report measurement

B  a categorical measurement

C  an ordinal scale of measurement

D  an interval scale of measurement

A  The groups must be composed of experts in the field of psychology.

B  After testing, the groups should have significantly different scores on the measure.

C  Prior to testing, similarity between the groups must be demonstrated.

D  At least three groups must be used.

A  scientific fraud

B  psychological distress

C  physical harm

D  lack of confidentiality

A  Data are easy to acquire.

B  They impede scientific progress.

C  They are impossible to discover.

D  They are federal crimes.

A  Researchers must ensure anonymity when dealing with both types of participants.

B  Researchers do not have to have written informed consent with these groups of participants.

C  Neither group of participants can provide informed consent.

D  Both groups of participants have less autonomy than other types of participants.

A  archival measurement

B  self-report measurement

C  observational measurement

D  physiological measurement

A  face

B  convergent

C  discriminant

D  criterion

A  a concrete construct

B  physical measurements (e.g., length)

C  an abstract concept

D  a behavior that is directly observable

A  He might have changed his thinking due to a bad experience with some of the participants from the original study.

B  There were no ethical guidelines 5 years ago, but there are now.

C  New findings have made such research less beneficial.

D  Public opinion about that type of research has changed.

A  test-retest reliability

B  interrater reliability

C  internal reliability

D  internal consistency

A  Since the study has good internal reliability, it is not necessary to report interrater reliability.

B  Interrater reliability is typically calculated only for the experimenter to evaluate the ratings and is rarely reported in journal articles.

C  The combination of internal reliability and test-retest reliability provide enough information about the study’s reliability.

D  The anxiety scale is a self-report measure, and interrater reliability is needed only when two or more observers are providing ratings.

A  content

B  criterion

C  divergent

D  face

A  r=–1.0

B  r=–0.18

C  r= 0.83

D  r= 1.0

A  failing the Principle of Justice.

B  data falsification/fabrication.

C  using deception.

D  legal protection of lab animals.

A  the path and significance of the relationship between two measurements

B  the validity and reliability of two measurements

C  the outliers present in the two measurements

D  the strength and direction of the relationship between two measurements

A  +.50

B  -.50

C  -0.1

D  +.10