Final Lecture Exam

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Question #1

Nuclei within the gray matter of the spinal cord that receive information from sensory receptors such as pain or pressure receptors in the skin are _____ nuclei.

A somatic sensory

B somatic motor

C visceral sensory

D autonomic motor

Question #2

A reflex allows an individual to quickly respond to a potentially dangerous stimulus without having to wait for the brain to process the information.

A False

B True

Question #3

The two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A are composed of PNS structures only.

B are voluntary.

C use preganglionic and postganglionic neurons to innervate skeletal muscle.

D contain autonomic ganglia to house ganglionic neurons.

E function only during sleep.

Question #4

A lesion in the _____ is likely to affect thinking, planning, and overall personality, as this brain region plays a significant role in cognition.

A prefrontal cortex

B premotor cortex

C olfactory bulb

D reticular activating system

Question #5

One function of the reticular formation is to assist in the regulation of respiration and blood pressure.

A True

B False

Question #6

Continuous conduction of a nerve impulse occurs only along

A dendrites.

B myelinated axons.

C axons in the CNS.

D unmyelinated axons.

E axons in the PNS.

Question #7

The nervous system contains more neurons than glial cells.

A False

B True

Question #8

Endocannabinoids are neuromodulators that decrease neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neurons.

A True

B False

Question #9

Neural stem cells in the CNS

A have no known function.

B can migrate to the PNS as needed.

C can only form glial cells.

D can form new neurons throughout the CNS.

E can form new neurons in only certain portions of the CNS such as the hippocampus.

Question #10

The glenohumeral ligaments are

A strong and distinct.

B weak and indistinct.

Question #11

What explains the dramatic acceleration in lengthwise bone growth at puberty?

A Increased rate of calcium deposition occurs due to high blood calcium levels.

B Increased activity of osteoclasts occurs in response to parathyroid hormone stimulation.

C Increased secretion of sex hormones promotes epiphyseal plate growth.

D Increased absorption of dietary vitamins and minerals strengthens the matrix.

E Increased physical activity causes lengthwise growth in response to bone stress.

Question #12

Which vitamin is required for the normal synthesis of collagen?

A Vitamin K

B Vitamin A

C Vitamin D

D Vitamin C

E Vitamin B

Question #13

When the body is cold and needs to conserve heat, the blood vessels in the dermis dilate to allow for more blood flow in that region.

A False

B True

Question #14

Nails, hair, and sweat and sebaceous glands are all derived from the epidermis.

A True

B False

Question #15

During osmosis, water moves toward the solution with the _________ solute concentration.

A greater

B lesser

Question #16

Diffusion rate is fastest when the concentration gradient is

A steepest and temperature is highest.

B slightest and temperature is highest.

C slightest and temperature is at body temperature.

D steepest and temperature is at body temperature.

E slightest and temperature is lowest.

Question #17

Symport active transporters move two substances across the membrane in the same direction.

A False

B True

Question #18

Organs contain two or more tissues that work together to perform specific, complex functions.

A False

B True

Question #19

Diagnosing a disease involves determining the

A cause of the homeostatic imbalance.

B effector and the set point.

C negativity of the feedback.

D multiple side effects of a drug.

Question #20

In a graph of wave summation, the tension level returns to baseline between each peak of force.

A False

B True

Question #21

In general, a muscle’s resting length is its optimal length for force generation.

A False

B True

Question #22

The floor of the pelvic cavity includes skeletal muscles that function to support organs in that cavity.

A True

B False

Question #23

The repolarization of the action potential involves the opening of

A voltage-gated K+ channels.

B chemically gated Na+ channels.

C voltage-gated Na+ channels.

D chemically gated K+ channels.

Question #24

A motor unit within the powerful quadriceps muscle would

A generally contain several hundred fibers.

B contain several motor neurons.

C be much like those in the eye muscles.

D generally contain less than ten fibers.

Question #25

When a muscle relaxes,

A crossbridges stop forming and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.

B crossbridges stop forming and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length

C crossbridges form and muscle extensibility returns the muscle to rest length.

D crossbridges form and muscle elasticity returns the muscle to rest length.

Question #26

For relaxation to occur,

A ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.

B ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum open.

C ACh receptors open and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.

D ACh receptors close and Ca++ channels on the sarcoplasmic reticulum close.

Question #27

In an isotonic contraction, the tension produced exceeds the resistance and muscle fibers will shorten.

A True

B False

Question #28

Release of crossbridges and a decline in muscle tension characterize the _______ period of a twitch.

A relaxation

B contraction

C latent

Question #29

When a muscle is isometrically contracted, its length _______ change.

A does

B does not

Question #30

The action potential of a muscle fiber occurs

A in the mitochondria.

B along the sarcolemma and down the T-tubules.

C at the end plate.

D within the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Question #31

During skeletal muscle contraction, more force is created when more motor units are activated.

A False

B True

Question #32

A power stroke involves

A a thick filament pushing an actin filament towards the nearest Z-line.

B an actin molecule pulling a myosin molecule toward the M-line.

C a thin filament shortening in length and thereby shortening the sarcomere.

D a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question #33

Muscles that are used for precisely controlled movements generally contain large motor units.

A False

B True

Question #34

When an impulse arrives at the knob of the motor neuron, calcium

A enters through active transport pumps and triggers the release of transmitter.

B exits through voltage-gated channels and triggers transmitter release.

C is released from synaptic vesicles.

D enters through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of transmitter.

E exits through active transport pumps and brings transmitter with it.

Question #35

An end plate potential is an event that involves a gain of

A positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters.

B positive charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.

C negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as sodium rapidly enters.

D negative charge along the inside of the cell membrane, as potassium rapidly enters.

Question #36

Which is the neurotransmitter that causes the release of calcium ions from reservoirs within the muscle cell and thereby initiates the steps of contraction?

A Acetylcholine

B Norepinephrine

C Acetylcholinesterase

D Serotonin

Question #37

Consider the difference between lifting a light pad of paper versus a heavy textbook. The primary way the level of force of muscle contraction is controlled is by

A recruiting a different number of motor units.

B altering the number of crossbridges each individual fiber uses.

C activating different regions of the muscle.

D activating the motor units at a different frequency.

Question #38

Which contraction occurs when you try (unsuccessfully) to move a wall?

A Isometric

B Isotonic

Question #39

The contraction phase of a muscle twitch has a shorter duration than the relaxation phase.

A False

B True

Question #40

For relaxation to occur,

A extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.

B calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive.

C calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin.

D sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.

Question #41

The spring-like property that returns muscle to its original length after a contraction ends is

A conductivity.

B contractility.

C elasticity.

D treppe effect.

E extensibility.

Question #42

During which phase of the crossbridge cycle is ATP split into ADP and Pi?

A Immediately preceding the detachment of the myosin head.

B Immediately preceding the power stroke.

C Immediately preceding the resetting of the myosin head.

Question #43

The calcium ions involved in skeletal muscle contraction bind to a(n)______ subunit.

A myosin

B actin

C tropomyosin

D troponin

E elastin

Question #44

The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is

A responsibility.

B elasticity.

C contractility.

D extensibility.

E conductivity.

Question #45

Acetylcholine is released from a neuron

A by a primary active transport pump.

B by conduction through a gap junction from nerve to muscle.

C through exocytosis when a vesicle fuses with the membrane.

D by rapid diffusion when a voltage-gated ion channel opens for it.

Question #46

The characteristic of muscle that allows it to be passively stretched is

A excitability.

B elasticity.

C conductivity.

D extensibility.

E contractility.

Question #47

In a lab, wave summation is demonstrated by increasing the _________ of the stimulus.

A frequency

B intensity

C capacitance

D warm up time

Question #48

The return of a contracted muscle fiber to its resting length is an active (energy requiring) process.

A True

B False

Question #49

Which sequence correctly lists the changes that allow the thick and thin filaments to slide past one another in skeletal muscle contraction?

A Return – pivot – attach – detach

B Pivot – attach – return – detach

C Attach – detach – pivot – return

D Pivot – attach – detach – return

E Attach – pivot – detach – return

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