Final Exam

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Question #1

The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.

A learned behavior

B culturally sanctioned laws

C children being raised in proximity

D status

Question #2

The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.

A family size

B nutrition

C monogamy

D conflicting needs

Question #3

The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.

A hyoid bone

B prefrontal lobe

C Wernicke’s area

D basiocranial flexion

Question #4

In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.

A only occurs rarely

B causes a reduced period of social learning

C allows for extended neurological development

D quickens the onset of adulthood

Question #5

It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.

A during the Middle Stone Age

B by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft

C directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge

D via the coast of Siberia

Question #6

Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?

A Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.

B There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.

C Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.

D There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.

Question #7

The Replacement Model of human origins __________.

A is often called the Multiregional Model

B is not supported by genetic data

C implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago

D maintains that humans had a localized origin

Question #8

Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.

A they are related to Neandertals

B late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens

C a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo

D modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin

Question #9

The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.

A Neandertals

B Homo erectus

C Homo Heidelbergensis

D modern humans

Question #10

Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?

A Indonesia

B England

C France

D Spain

Question #11

It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.

A left Africa before the hand-axe was invented

B were more peaceful than the African counterparts

C had less dexterous hands

D had smaller brains

Question #12

Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?

A Oldowan tools were made from stone.

B Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.

C Acheulean tools were bifaced.

D Oldowan tools were flaked.

Question #13

The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.

A the Republic of Georgia

B Israel

C Indonesia

D Saudi Arabia

Question #14

Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.

A hunting

B herding

C trapping

D scavenging

Question #15

Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.

A pronounced sagittal crest

B a parabolic dental arcade

C long canines

D a prognathic face

Question #16

The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.

A an evolutionary dead end.

B meat-eaters.

C more social than gracile australopithecines.

D much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.

Question #17

In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.

A radiocarbon; type-analysis

B seriation; absolute

C absolute; relative

D relative; absolute

Question #18

Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?

A Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.

B Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.

C Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.

D Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.

Question #19

At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.

A Sahelanthropus tchadensis

B Ardipithecus ramidus

C Australopithecus anamensis

D Orrorin tugenensis

Question #20

The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.

A It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.

B It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.

C Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.

D It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.

Question #21

Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?

A The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.

B No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.

C The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.

D Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.

Question #22

Australopithecines show __________.

A an essentially ape-like dentition

B no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema

C some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema

D some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema

Question #23

The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.

A foramen magnum

B sagittal crest

C lumbar vertebrae

D brow ridge

Question #24

Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?

A It had a diet that consisted of insects.

B It lived in western Africa.

C It was the largest monkey that ever lived.

D It co-existed with Homo erectus.

Question #25

By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.

A Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.

B Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.

C Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.

D Monkeys are more intelligent.

Question #26

The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.

A Jurassic

B Pliocene

C Miocene

D Eocene

Question #27

Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.

A bipedal

B intelligent

C visual predators

D social

Question #28

The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.

A lizards

B flowering plants

C birds

D microscopic life forms

Question #29

The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.

A cooling and increased moisture

B warming and increased moisture

C warming and drying

D cooling and drying

Question #30

Mammals arose during the __________ Era.

A Phanerozoic

B Hadean

C Mesozoic

D Cenozoic

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