Final Exam

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Question #1

The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.

A culturally sanctioned laws

B learned behavior

C children being raised in proximity

D status

Question #2

The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.

A family size

B conflicting needs

C monogamy

D nutrition

Question #3

The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.

A Wernicke’s area

B hyoid bone

C basiocranial flexion

D prefrontal lobe

Question #4

In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.

A allows for extended neurological development

B only occurs rarely

C quickens the onset of adulthood

D causes a reduced period of social learning

Question #5

It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.

A via the coast of Siberia

B directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge

C during the Middle Stone Age

D by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft

Question #6

Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?

A There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.

B Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.

C There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.

D Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.

Question #7

The Replacement Model of human origins __________.

A is not supported by genetic data

B maintains that humans had a localized origin

C is often called the Multiregional Model

D implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago

Question #8

Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.

A they are related to Neandertals

B late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens

C modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin

D a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo

Question #9

The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.

A Homo erectus

B Neandertals

C Homo Heidelbergensis

D modern humans

Question #10

Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?

A England

B Spain

C Indonesia

D France

Question #11

It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.

A had less dexterous hands

B were more peaceful than the African counterparts

C had smaller brains

D left Africa before the hand-axe was invented

Question #12

Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?

A Oldowan tools were made from stone.

B Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.

C Acheulean tools were bifaced.

D Oldowan tools were flaked.

Question #13

The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.

A Saudi Arabia

B Israel

C Indonesia

D the Republic of Georgia

Question #14

Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.

A hunting

B scavenging

C trapping

D herding

Question #15

Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.

A pronounced sagittal crest

B long canines

C a parabolic dental arcade

D a prognathic face

Question #16

The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.

A an evolutionary dead end.

B much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.

C more social than gracile australopithecines.

D meat-eaters.

Question #17

In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.

A radiocarbon; type-analysis

B absolute; relative

C relative; absolute

D seriation; absolute

Question #18

Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?

A Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.

B Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.

C Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.

D Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.

Question #19

At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.

A Orrorin tugenensis

B Sahelanthropus tchadensis

C Australopithecus anamensis

D Ardipithecus ramidus

Question #20

The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.

A It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.

B Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.

C It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.

D It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.

Question #21

Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?

A The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.

B Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.

C The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.

D No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.

Question #22

Australopithecines show __________.

A an essentially ape-like dentition

B no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema

C some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema

D some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema

Question #23

The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.

A foramen magnum

B brow ridge

C sagittal crest

D lumbar vertebrae

Question #24

Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?

A It had a diet that consisted of insects.

B It lived in western Africa.

C It was the largest monkey that ever lived.

D It co-existed with Homo erectus.

Question #25

By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.

A Monkeys are more intelligent.

B Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.

C Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.

D Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.

Question #26

The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.

A Pliocene

B Jurassic

C Eocene

D Miocene

Question #27

Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.

A visual predators

B social

C bipedal

D intelligent

Question #28

The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.

A lizards

B microscopic life forms

C flowering plants

D birds

Question #29

The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.

A cooling and drying

B cooling and increased moisture

C warming and drying

D warming and increased moisture

Question #30

Mammals arose during the __________ Era.

A Cenozoic

B Mesozoic

C Hadean

D Phanerozoic

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