Final Exam

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Question #1

The Westermarck hypothesis links brother-sister incest aversion to __________.

A learned behavior

B children being raised in proximity

C status

D culturally sanctioned laws

Question #2

The cooperative provisioning model correlates the evolution of a sexual division of labor with __________.

A family size

B conflicting needs

C monogamy

D nutrition

Question #3

The position and shape of the Neandertal __________ indicates that they were able to speak.

A basiocranial flexion

B prefrontal lobe

C hyoid bone

D Wernicke’s area

Question #4

In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage __________.

A only occurs rarely

B allows for extended neurological development

C causes a reduced period of social learning

D quickens the onset of adulthood

Question #5

It is likely that Homo sapiens reached the New World __________.

A via the coast of Siberia

B during the Middle Stone Age

C by crossing the Atlantic on watercraft

D directly from Africa on a South Atlantic land bridge

Question #6

Which of the following is a prediction of the Multiregional Model for the origins of modern humans?

A Regional Homo erectus characteristics were replaced by those of H. neanderthalensis.

B There was an abrupt separation of Homo erectus and H. sapiens populations.

C There was a single evolving lineage of Homo sapiens in each region of the Old World.

D Homo neanderthalensis did not interbreed with anatomically modern H. sapiens.

Question #7

The Replacement Model of human origins __________.

A is not supported by genetic data

B is often called the Multiregional Model

C maintains that humans had a localized origin

D implies that modern human variation evolved millions of years ago

Question #8

Evidence from the Denisovans currently suggests that ___________.

A late surviving Homo erectus populations gave rise to modern Homo sapiens

B modern homo sapiens have an Asian origin

C they are related to Neandertals

D a third hominin could have existed along with Neandertal and modern Homo

Question #9

The midfacial prognathism and double-arched supraorbital torus of some archaic Homo sapiens indicate their possible relationship to ___________.

A Neandertals

B Homo Heidelbergensis

C Homo erectus

D modern humans

Question #10

Where have the oldest and greatest number of the archaic Homo sapiens fossils been recovered from?

A Spain

B England

C France

D Indonesia

Question #11

It is hypothesized that Asian Homo erectus did not use hand-axe technology because they __________.

A had less dexterous hands

B were more peaceful than the African counterparts

C had smaller brains

D left Africa before the hand-axe was invented

Question #12

Which of the following is a difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools?

A Oldowan tools were flaked.

B Acheulean tools were bifaced.

C Oldowan tools were made from stone.

D Acheulean tools were associated with Homo erectus.

Question #13

The earliest hominin site outside of Africa is in __________.

A Indonesia

B the Republic of Georgia

C Israel

D Saudi Arabia

Question #14

Early hominin meat-eaters might have obtained their meat by __________.

A scavenging

B trapping

C herding

D hunting

Question #15

Compared to Australopithecus, some key features of early Homo skulls show morphological changes. These features include a rounded cranial vault, small supraorbital torus, and _____________.

A long canines

B a prognathic face

C a parabolic dental arcade

D pronounced sagittal crest

Question #16

The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were __________.

A an evolutionary dead end.

B meat-eaters.

C much more aggressive than gracile australopithecines.

D more social than gracile australopithecines.

Question #17

In East Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques, while in South Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.

A relative; absolute

B radiocarbon; type-analysis

C seriation; absolute

D absolute; relative

Question #18

Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?

A Predators often dragged hominins they had killed into caves.

B Hominins in South Africa lived in caves.

C Hominin bones fell into caves through holes in the ceiling.

D Hominins seemed to have crawled into caves to die.

Question #19

At present, the most likely candidate for the hominin stem is __________.

A Ardipithecus ramidus

B Sahelanthropus tchadensis

C Orrorin tugenensis

D Australopithecus anamensis

Question #20

The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.

A It had ape-like facial features but cranial characteristics suggesting bipedalism.

B It is the oldest hominin fossil ancient DNA as been extracted from.

C It provides the earliest evidence of stone tool use.

D Its features suggest it may actually be the earliest member of Homo.

Question #21

Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin species?

A No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.

B The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many specimens to classify.

C Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight differences from apes.

D The first hominin was likely an alien and therefore left no trace.

Question #22

Australopithecines show __________.

A some reduction of the canine, but an ape-like diastema

B no reduction of the canine, but partial reduction of the diastema

C an essentially ape-like dentition

D some reduction of the canine and partial reduction or absence of the diastema

Question #23

The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal was a biped or quadruped.

A foramen magnum

B sagittal crest

C lumbar vertebrae

D brow ridge

Question #24

Which of the following is true of Gigantopithecus?

A It was the largest monkey that ever lived.

B It co-existed with Homo erectus.

C It lived in western Africa.

D It had a diet that consisted of insects.

Question #25

By the mid-Miocene, monkeys became more common than apes because __________.

A Monkeys can more easily shift to efficient terrestrial locomotion.

B Apes cannot react quickly enough to changing environments.

C Monkeys are more intelligent.

D Monkeys can are better adapted to arboreal environments.

Question #26

The fossil record of the __________ reveals the first true primates.

A Pliocene

B Jurassic

C Miocene

D Eocene

Question #27

Early primate characteristics probably evolved because these species were __________.

A bipedal

B intelligent

C visual predators

D social

Question #28

The diversification of __________ had a great effect on the diversification of Mesozoic mammals.

A lizards

B microscopic life forms

C birds

D flowering plants

Question #29

The story of climate change during the Cenozoic is generally one of __________.

A cooling and increased moisture

B warming and increased moisture

C warming and drying

D cooling and drying

Question #30

Mammals arose during the __________ Era.

A Mesozoic

B Cenozoic

C Hadean

D Phanerozoic

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