Exam 2

A  brainwashing

B  mental programming

C  groupthink

D  group polarization

A  Individualism is among the most cherished personal qualities one can possess.

B  Most people conform to social norms, even when told to deviate from them by persons in authority.

C  A substantial number of people will inflict pain on others if ordered to do so by a person in a position of authority.

D  Group conformity is the most important social relationship people seek to achieve.

A  authoritative leader

B  democratic leader

C  laissez-faire leader

D  dictatorial leader

A  pulls

B  formal control

C  inner control

D  pushes

A  intelligence theory: low intelligence leads to deviant and criminal behavior

B  XYY” theory: the extra Y chromosome in males causes criminal behavior

C  social learning theory: we learn deviance from our peers

D  body type theory: people with muscular bodies are prone to be criminals

A  Officer Friel is violating police ethics.

B  Officer Friel is employing police discretion.

C  Officer Friel is guilty of breaking the law.

D  Officer Friel is using reverse psychology on Mark.

A  They are all retreatists.

B  They are all conformists.

C  They are all ritualists.

D  They are all rebels

A  When they are applied to members of the middle or upper classes

B  When we fear punishment from authorities such as parents or the court system.

C  In the presence of strong attachments, commitments, and involvement with other members of society.

D  In situations where there is a strong police presence.

A  a police officer taking $100 to refrain from writing a speeding ticket

B  a businessperson classifying parking tickets as job hunting expenses on an income tax return

C  an executive writing off the corporation’s million-dollar fine as investment capital

D  a bank teller robbing the First National bank

A  nonconforming behavior

B  the need for absolute standards in defining deviance

C  the need for social sanctions

D  the cultural relativity of deviance

A  an innovator

B  a rebel

C  a conformist

D  a ritualist

A  They are concentrated in urban areas with a population over 25,000.

B  They are common in families living in poverty.

C  They come from regions populated by large numbers of minorities

D  They are from families that have a history of being involved in crime.

A  anthropology

B  sociology

C  sociobiology

D  psychology

A  It was discovered there are no longer any XYY chromosome configurations among men.

B  The work of the theorist who proposed the theory was plagiarized.

C  The theory only explains deviant and criminal behavior among females.

D  Most criminals do not have XYY and everyone with XYY is not a criminal.

A  The nature of one’s behavior is the most important aspect in determining deviance.

B  It is not the act itself, but the reaction of others to the act that makes it deviant.

C  Deviance is analogous to mental illness

D  Deviance is most related to functionalism because it creates a dysfunction for society.

A  in-group

B  out-group

C  primary group

D  reference group

A  impersonality

B  technical qualifications

C  hierarchy of authority

D  Division of labor

A  bureaucracy

B  voluntary association

C  nonprofit organization

D  oligarchy

A  interactionist

B  functionalist

C  conflict

D  structuralist

A  to increase company profits and competitiveness

B  to emphasize the qualities that will lead to a worker’s success

C  to stimulate an understanding of cultural differences

D  to professionally develop staff

A  The results of the research are inconclusive.

B  Because of the large number of employees using them, daycare facilities are too expensive to operate.

C  Operating on-site daycare reduces employee absenteeism, improves production, and increases staff morale.

D  Daycare facilities are ineffective because they are used by only a few employees

A  They are all primary groups.

B  They all bring people into the political mainstream.

C  They all offer people an identity.

D  They all generate social change.

A  alienate the “deadbeats” in the corporation

B  increase profits by downsizing

C  humanize the work setting to develop employee potential

D  increase the number of employees

A  the Peter principle

B  the Thomas theorem

C  goal displacement

D  bureaucratic ritualism

A  social networks

B  primary groups

C  secondary groups

D  social capital

A  hierarchy of authority

B  impersonality

C  technical qualifications

D  technical qualifications

A  the belief that people were destined before birth for either heaven or hell

B  the belief that heaven was a myth and there was no hereafter

C  the belief that money is the root of all evil

D  the belief that man was naturally sinful

A  authoritarian leader

B  expressive leader

C  laissez-faire leader

D  democratic leader

A  Group members feel more strongly bonded to each other.

B  Members tend to form more informal relationships.

C  Group members become more active in the decision-making process.

D  Groups tend to develop a more formal social structure.

A  High-efficiency production of food and fiber products is most prevalent.

B  The production of durable goods such as automobiles, refrigerators, and washing machines is the emphasis.

C  The transmission and use of information services dominates the work force.

D  Leisure time activities are the primary product of the society.

A  They would offer verbal encouragement.

B  They would rely on reasoning with the child.

C  They would probably use physical punishment

D  They would probably deny privileges and “ground” the child.

A  a latent dysfunction of U.S. education

B  a manifest function of education

C  a manifest dysfunction of education

D  a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

A  The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

B  The self-concept begins prior to conception and concludes at birth.

C  The self-concept begins at birth and concludes by age 5 or 6.

D  The self-concept begins when a child is able to reason and concludes at about age 18.

A  The father’s genetic influence is greater than the mother’s as a determinant of behavior.

B  Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.

C  Behavior is the result of genetic influences.

D  Identical twins will always exhibit similar behavior because their gene complement is identical.

A  a way to motivate young women to play video games

B  a way to confuse children about their sexuality

C  the creation of a new stereotype of women as symbolic males

D  an example of pornography

A  intimate early social interaction

B  basic intelligence

C  biological makeup

D  strict discipline

A  the influence of positive peers

B  an average or above-average IQ

C  the ability to take the role of another

D  a well-developed id

A  Sociologists object to the view that inborn and subconscious motivations are the primary reasons for human behavior.

B  Sociologists disagree on the influence of the super ego as a balancing force of behavior.

C  Sociologists argue that Freud failed to study a wide range of subjects before developing his theory.

D  Sociologists reject the notion that personality develops in stages.

A  As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.

B  The mother-child bond was based on the social class of the mother and not the hours the child spent in day care.

C  There was no relationship between mother-child bond and the hours a child spent in day care.

D  As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was stronger between mother and child

A  suspend Frank’s driving privileges for a month and discuss with Frank the dangers of drinking and driving

B  call the police and have their son arrested to impress upon him the error of his ways

C  physically punish their son using a culturally approved method

D  buy him his own car and hold him to a higher standard of responsibility