Lecture Exam 2

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Question #1

Which is false regarding bone remodeling?

A It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.

B It occurs throughout life.

C It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

D It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

E It occurs only at articular surfaces.

Question #2

What gives bone its flexibility?

A Elastic fibers

B Trabeculae

C Yellow bone marrow

D Inorganic salts

E Collagen fibers

Question #3

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

A osteocytes.

B chondroblasts.

C fibroblasts.

D osteoblasts.

E chondrocytes.

Question #4

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

A Osteoclasts

B Osteoblasts

C Bone-lining cells

D Osteocytes

E Osteoprogenitor cells

Question #5

For most individuals a common source of vitamin D is dietary intake of milk.

A False

B True

Question #6

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

A The spongy bone will dissolve, leaving only the outer compact bone.

B The bone will become extremely brittle.

C The compact bone will dissolve, leaving only the inner spongy bone.

D The bone will become soft and bendable.

E The bone will dissolve completely.

Question #7

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are

a: Calcified cartilage
b: Hypertrophic cartilage
c: Ossification
d: Resting cartilage
e: Proliferating cartilage

The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is

A d – e – b – a – c.

B e – d – a – c – b.

C c – d – e – a – b.

D c – a – b – e – d.

E d – b – e – a – c.

Question #8

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

A Its spaces hold red bone marrow.

B It is located deep to compact bone.

C It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

D It forms diploe in the cranial bones.

E It is composed of tubular units called osteons.

Question #9

In general, the mechanical stresses on bones that result from exercise tend to weaken them and lead to more frequent fractures.

A False

B True

Question #10

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

A Concentric lamellae

B Canaliculi

C Circumferential lamellae

D Interstitial lamellae

E Perforating canals

Question #11

Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

A Cells called chondrocytes

B Avascular

C Gel-like ground substance

D All of the choices are correct.

E Matrix of protein fibers

Question #12

When during human development does the process of endochondral ossification begin?

A 3-4 months of age.

B 12 weeks after birth.

C 8th week of embryonic development.

D 8th-9th month of embryonic development.

E 10-25 years of age.

Question #13

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage.

a: New matrix is produced and secreted.
b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna.
c: Stem cells undergo mitosis.
d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.

A a. – c. – d. – b.

B a. – c. – b. – d.

C d. – c. – b. – a.

D c. – d. – b. – a.

E c. – d. – a. – b.

Question #14

Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.

A True

B False

Question #15

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a disorder that affects endochondral ossification. Which of the following bones will be affected?

A The tibia (long bone) of the leg.

B Most bones of the body.

C All of the choices are correct.

D Long bones in the fingers and toes.

E The humerus (long bone) of the upper limb.

Question #16

Hyaline cartilage contains a ______ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ________.

A high; lacunae

B high; canaliculi

C low; canaliculi

D low; lacunae

Question #17

In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

A osteonic canals

B blood vessels

C lamellae

D canaliculi

E perforating canals

Question #18

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

A First metatarsal

B Axis

C Hamate

D Radius

E Zygomatic

Question #19

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

A Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels

B Blood calcium level

C Gravity

D Mechanical stress

E All of the choices are correct.

Question #20

Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification.

A True

B False

Question #21

Chronically high levels of ___________ inhibit(s) bone growth.

A calcitonin

B serotonin

C growth hormone

D thyroid hormone

E estrogen and testosterone

Question #22

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

A femur

B tibia

C clavicle

D humerus

E radius

Question #23

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for

A phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids.

B calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

C calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids.

D steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates.

E glycogen, nitrogenous bases, and calcium.

Question #24

Since cartilage must be continuously replaced in the body, appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage continues throughout life.

A False

B True

Question #25

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

A stimulate osteoblasts to resorb bone and lower blood calcium levels.

B stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

C stimulate osteoblasts to deposit bone by producing calcified matrix.

D stimulate osteoclasts to move calcium from the blood and into the bone.

Question #26

When elevating the mandible to chew food, the temporomandibular joint functions as a _________ joint.

A hinge

B saddle

C pivot

D ball and socket

Question #27

Gliding is an example of an angular motion.

A False

B True

Question #28

The joints in the body that are the most mobile, such as the glenohumeral joint or coxal joint, are also the most stable.

A False

B True

Question #29

In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by

A dense regular connective tissue.

B articular cartilage.

C fibrocartilage.

D areolar connective tissue.

E dense irregular connective tissue.

Question #30

The deltoid ligament, lateral ligament, and tibiofibular ligaments belong to the ________ joint.

A tarsometatarsal

B talocrural

C knee

D fibulometatarsal

E humeroradial

Question #31

One of the functions of synovial fluid is to act as a shock absorber that distributes force evenly across the joint surface.

A True

B False

Question #32

The pubic symphysis is classified as a

A fibrous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

B cartilaginous joint and a synarthrosis.

C fibrous joint and a synarthrosis.

D synovial joint and a diarthrosis.

E cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

Question #33

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond normal, the movement is referred to as

A hyperextension.

B dislocation.

C hypertrophy.

D supination.

E hyperflexion.

Question #34

In addition to the joint between the tibia and the femur, the knee contains a joint between the

A patella and the tibia.

B patella and the femur.

C patella and the fibula.

D fibula and the femur.

Question #35

In the temporomandibular joint, a pad of fibrocartilage called the _________ divides the synovial cavity into two separate chambers.

A sphenomandibular ligament

B coronoid capsule

C meniscus

D articular disc

E mandibular partition

Question #36

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?

A Reticular cartilage

B Fibrocartilage

C Elastic cartilage

D Sutural cartilage

E Hyaline cartilage

Question #37

At the ankle, the lateral ligament is stronger than the medial ligament.

A True

B False

Question #38

The glenohumeral joint is more stable than the hip joint.

A True

B False

Question #39

Which of these synovial joints does not have at least one rounded or convex surface?

A Saddle

B Condylar

C Ball and socket

D Pivot

E Plane

Question #40

Strong reinforcement for the anterior aspect of the hip joint is provided by the Y-shaped

A pubofemoral ligament.

B ischiofemoral ligament.

C ligament of the head of the femur.

D iliofemoral ligament.

Question #41

The fibrocartilage rim that deepens the hip socket is the

A glenoid labrum.

B acetabular labrum.

C obturator membrane.

D coxal retinaculum.

Question #42

The main ligament supporting the lateral aspect of the elbow is the

A ulnar collateral ligament.

B lateral cruciate ligament.

C ulnar condylar ligament.

D annular ligament.

E radial collateral ligament.

Question #43

Which is false regarding ligaments?

A Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage.

B Extrinsic ligaments are physically separate from the articular capsule.

C Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.

D Extracapsular ligaments are outside the articular capsule.

E Intracapsular ligaments are within the articular capsule.

Question #44

The temporomandibular joint is the only mobile joint between skull bones.

A False

B True

Question #45

Which ligament is not associated with the glenohumeral joint?

A Coracohumeral ligament

B Humeral collateral ligament

C Glenohumeral ligament

D Coracoacromial ligament

Question #46

In a young person, the joint between the sphenoid bone and the occipital bone is a

A suture.

B syndesmosis.

C symphysis.

D synchondrosis.

E gomphosis.

Question #47

The hip allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

A True

B False

Question #48

Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called

A abduction.

B inversion.

C retraction.

D flexion.

E adduction.

Question #49

A tendon sheath is a fat pad that fills the spaces that form when bones move.

A False

B True

Question #50

Lateral rotation is also known as external rotation.

A False

B True

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