Lecture Exam 2

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Question #1

Which is false regarding bone remodeling?

A It occurs only at articular surfaces.

B It assists in the maintenance of calcium and phosphate levels in the body.

C It occurs throughout life.

D It occurs at both the endosteal and periosteal surfaces of the bone.

E It can occur in response to stress on a bone.

Question #2

What gives bone its flexibility?

A Trabeculae

B Collagen fibers

C Inorganic salts

D Yellow bone marrow

E Elastic fibers

Question #3

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the

A osteocytes.

B chondrocytes.

C osteoblasts.

D fibroblasts.

E chondroblasts.

Question #4

Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?

A Bone-lining cells

B Osteoblasts

C Osteoclasts

D Osteoprogenitor cells

E Osteocytes

Question #5

For most individuals a common source of vitamin D is dietary intake of milk.

A False

B True

Question #6

If a bone is immersed in a weak acid such as vinegar for several days, its inorganic components will dissolve. What will be the result of such an experiment?

A The bone will become extremely brittle.

B The bone will dissolve completely.

C The bone will become soft and bendable.

D The spongy bone will dissolve, leaving only the outer compact bone.

E The compact bone will dissolve, leaving only the inner spongy bone.

Question #7

The zones found in an epiphyseal plate are

a: Calcified cartilage
b: Hypertrophic cartilage
c: Ossification
d: Resting cartilage
e: Proliferating cartilage

The correct order for these zones, beginning with the edge closest to the epiphysis and proceeding toward the diaphysis, is

A c – a – b – e – d.

B c – d – e – a – b.

C d – e – b – a – c.

D e – d – a – c – b.

E d – b – e – a – c.

Question #8

Which is not correct about spongy bone?

A Its spaces hold red bone marrow.

B It is composed of tubular units called osteons.

C It is located deep to compact bone.

D It is located in the epiphyses of long bones.

E It forms diploe in the cranial bones.

Question #9

In general, the mechanical stresses on bones that result from exercise tend to weaken them and lead to more frequent fractures.

A False

B True

Question #10

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon?

A Canaliculi

B Interstitial lamellae

C Concentric lamellae

D Perforating canals

E Circumferential lamellae

Question #11

Which is characteristic of cartilage connective tissue?

A All of the choices are correct.

B Gel-like ground substance

C Avascular

D Cells called chondrocytes

E Matrix of protein fibers

Question #12

When during human development does the process of endochondral ossification begin?

B 12 weeks after birth.

C 10-25 years of age.

D 3-4 months of age.

E 8th-9th month of embryonic development.

F 8th week of embryonic development.

Question #13

Place in correct order the following steps in the process of appositional growth of cartilage.

a: New matrix is produced and secreted.
b: Chondrocytes differentiate, each in its own lacuna.
c: Stem cells undergo mitosis.
d: Committed cells differentiate into chondroblasts.

A a. – c. – d. – b.

B d. – c. – b. – a.

C a. – c. – b. – d.

D c. – d. – a. – b.

E c. – d. – b. – a.

Question #14

Bone is considered part of the skeletal system, but ligaments are not.

A False

B True

Question #15

Achondroplastic dwarfism is a disorder that affects endochondral ossification. Which of the following bones will be affected?

A The humerus (long bone) of the upper limb.

B Most bones of the body.

C Long bones in the fingers and toes.

D The tibia (long bone) of the leg.

E All of the choices are correct.

Question #16

Hyaline cartilage contains a ______ percentage of water; cartilage cells reside in small spaces called ________.

A high; canaliculi

B low; lacunae

C low; canaliculi

D high; lacunae

Question #17

In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.

A perforating canals

B blood vessels

C osteonic canals

D canaliculi

E lamellae

Question #18

Which bone forms by intramembranous ossification?

A Zygomatic

B Hamate

C Axis

D Radius

E First metatarsal

Question #19

Which affects osteoblast and osteoclast activity?

A Blood calcium level

B Gravity

C All of the choices are correct.

D Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone levels

E Mechanical stress

Question #20

Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification.

A True

B False

Question #21

Chronically high levels of ___________ inhibit(s) bone growth.

A thyroid hormone

B calcitonin

C serotonin

D growth hormone

E estrogen and testosterone

Question #22

The epiphyseal plates in the _________ are the last ones in the body to ossify.

A femur

B clavicle

C tibia

D radius

E humerus

Question #23

Bone is considered an important storage reservoir for

A calcium, complex carbohydrates, and polar amino acids.

B calcium, phosphate, and lipids.

C glycogen, nitrogenous bases, and calcium.

D steroids, proteins, and complex carbohydrates.

E phosphate, glycogen, and nonpolar amino acids.

Question #24

Since cartilage must be continuously replaced in the body, appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage continues throughout life.

A True

B False

Question #25

Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

A stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood.

B stimulate osteoblasts to deposit bone by producing calcified matrix.

C stimulate osteoblasts to resorb bone and lower blood calcium levels.

D stimulate osteoclasts to move calcium from the blood and into the bone.

Question #26

When elevating the mandible to chew food, the temporomandibular joint functions as a _________ joint.

A pivot

B saddle

C ball and socket

D hinge

Question #27

Gliding is an example of an angular motion.

A True

B False

Question #28

The joints in the body that are the most mobile, such as the glenohumeral joint or coxal joint, are also the most stable.

A False

B True

Question #29

In fibrous joints, the articulating surfaces are held together by

A areolar connective tissue.

B fibrocartilage.

C articular cartilage.

D dense regular connective tissue.

E dense irregular connective tissue.

Question #30

The deltoid ligament, lateral ligament, and tibiofibular ligaments belong to the ________ joint.

A knee

B humeroradial

C talocrural

D fibulometatarsal

E tarsometatarsal

Question #31

One of the functions of synovial fluid is to act as a shock absorber that distributes force evenly across the joint surface.

A False

B True

Question #32

The pubic symphysis is classified as a

A fibrous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

B fibrous joint and a synarthrosis.

C cartilaginous joint and a synarthrosis.

D synovial joint and a diarthrosis.

E cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

Question #33

When the angle between articulating bones increases beyond normal, the movement is referred to as

A supination.

B hyperextension.

C dislocation.

D hyperflexion.

E hypertrophy.

Question #34

In addition to the joint between the tibia and the femur, the knee contains a joint between the

A patella and the femur.

B patella and the tibia.

C fibula and the femur.

D patella and the fibula.

Question #35

In the temporomandibular joint, a pad of fibrocartilage called the _________ divides the synovial cavity into two separate chambers.

A sphenomandibular ligament

B coronoid capsule

C articular disc

D meniscus

E mandibular partition

Question #36

What type of cartilage is located between the bones in a symphysis?

A Reticular cartilage

B Fibrocartilage

C Sutural cartilage

D Elastic cartilage

E Hyaline cartilage

Question #37

At the ankle, the lateral ligament is stronger than the medial ligament.

A False

B True

Question #38

The glenohumeral joint is more stable than the hip joint.

A True

B False

Question #39

Which of these synovial joints does not have at least one rounded or convex surface?

A Condylar

B Plane

C Saddle

D Ball and socket

E Pivot

Question #40

Strong reinforcement for the anterior aspect of the hip joint is provided by the Y-shaped

A iliofemoral ligament.

B pubofemoral ligament.

C ligament of the head of the femur.

D ischiofemoral ligament.

Question #41

The fibrocartilage rim that deepens the hip socket is the

A glenoid labrum.

B coxal retinaculum.

C acetabular labrum.

D obturator membrane.

Question #42

The main ligament supporting the lateral aspect of the elbow is the

A annular ligament.

B ulnar condylar ligament.

C lateral cruciate ligament.

D ulnar collateral ligament.

E radial collateral ligament.

Question #43

Which is false regarding ligaments?

A Intrinsic ligaments are thickenings of the articular cartilage.

B Extracapsular ligaments are outside the articular capsule.

C Extrinsic ligaments are physically separate from the articular capsule.

D Intracapsular ligaments are within the articular capsule.

E Ligaments are composed of dense regular connective tissue.

Question #44

The temporomandibular joint is the only mobile joint between skull bones.

A True

B False

Question #45

Which ligament is not associated with the glenohumeral joint?

A Coracohumeral ligament

B Humeral collateral ligament

C Coracoacromial ligament

D Glenohumeral ligament

Question #46

In a young person, the joint between the sphenoid bone and the occipital bone is a

A symphysis.

B synchondrosis.

C syndesmosis.

D suture.

E gomphosis.

Question #47

The hip allows for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, and circumduction.

A True

B False

Question #48

Movement of a body part toward the main axis of the body is called

A flexion.

B retraction.

C abduction.

D adduction.

E inversion.

Question #49

A tendon sheath is a fat pad that fills the spaces that form when bones move.

A True

B False

Question #50

Lateral rotation is also known as external rotation.

A True

B False

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