Chapter 8

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Question #1

Aubry failed his English class because he was unable to deal with the ambiguity of starting research for a required paper on an unfamiliar topic. Aubry’s barrier to problem solving was most likely ________.

A perceptual

B emotional

C cultural

D learned

Question #2

Which of the following is an example of a relational concept when asking for clues in a guessing game?

A Is it bigger than a bread box?

B Is it an animal, a mineral, or person?

C Is it the color red?

D Is it smooth and cold to the touch?

Question #3

Janna is on spring break and looking at the menu of drink choices at the tiki bar. After trying to process the 40 names and 25 ingredients on the menu, Janna ordered a glass of soda. Janna’s decision to opt for a soda instead of a selection from the drink menu is likely an example of ________.

A base rates

B representativeness

C framing

D choice overload

Question #4

Dr. Roberts is a research chemist and while sitting at home relaxing suddenly has an idea that she thinks will work to create a new adhesive. Dr. Roberts begins working on her idea the next day at her lab and is rewarded with a positive outcome when she tests her new combination of chemicals. Which of the following stages of creative thought is best characterized by Dr. Roberts’s chemical test in her lab?

A Preparation

B Orientation

C Illumination

D Verification

Question #5

Kanzi is learning a new word. Kanzi’s language teacher creates a geometric symbol for a key on a computer keyboard to represent the word. Because there are no letters or numbers on the geometric symbol that stands for the new word, it is an example of ________.

A a morpheme

B a lexigram

C a phoneme

D spatial grammar

Question #6

Nick is on the phone with his mother and says, “I’ll drive over later.” Nick is teeing off at the golf course and says, “Watch this drive.” The meaning of the word drive in the two sentences changes because _________.

A the grammatical rules changed

B its position in the sentences changed

C it is a conjunctive concept

D of the context in which it is used

Question #7

When he was in high school, Elias believed that all people from Russia were aggressive. After he started college, Elias met a Russian exchange student who turned out to be the nicest person he ever met, so Elias changed his beliefs regarding Russians. Elias’s reliance on a stereotype to understand Russians when he was in high school is an example of ________.

A the effects of linguistic relativity

B misusing phonemes

C using a faulty concept

D the misuse of a disjunctive concept

Question #8

Chaunte is preparing to make an attempt at the high jump. Before starting her jump, Chaunte closes her eyes and envisions every motion she will make when completing the jump. Chaunte is using ________.

A kinesthetic imagery

B reflective processing

C automatic processing

D deductive reasoning

Question #9

Darcy is a contestant on a morning radio call in program. Darcy is given 10 seconds to answer the question-of-the-day. With no time for preparation, Darcy is asked by the program host to calculate how many one dozen egg cartons can be filled with 948 eggs. As the timer begins the 10-second countdown, Darcy performs a mental calculation while carefully concentrating on the numbers she is using and arrives at the correct answer of 79 cartons. To arrive at the correct answer for the radio call in program question-of-the-day, Darcy used ________.

A transformation rules and concept formation

B experiential processing and concept formation

C experiential processing and reflective processing

D reflective processing and transformation rules

Question #10

Which of the following methods promotes divergent thinking among people who have had different experiences?

A Thin-slicing

B Selective combination

C Intuitive thought

D Brainstorming

Question #11

Which of the following statements most accurately presents the relationship between framing a problem and making a good decision?

A Usually, the narrowest way of framing or stating a problem produces the best decisions.

B Stating problems in increasingly narrow terms until a single answer emerges decreases the chance of making a good decision.

C Using shortcuts to answers often paves the way to clear thinking.

D Framing decisions broadly greatly increases the risk of making a poor choice.

Question #12

Quick, impulsive thought is called _______.

A framing

B verification

C intuition

D brainstorming

Question #13

In the context of creative thinking, the number of times people shift from one class of possible uses to another is called ________.

A selectivity

B fluency

C flexibility

D originality

Question #14

Which of the following processes commonly leads to the discovery of a single established correct answer?

A Selective combination

B Convergent thinking

C Cross-stimulation

D Inductive thinking

Question #15

Karl Duncker’s experiment with the candle on a vertical board demonstrates that functional fixedness in problem solving can be reduced by ________.

A limiting originality to gain focus

B increasing flexibility in categorizing

C adding perceptual barriers to control distraction

D restricting fluency in alternative ideas

Question #16

Describing the answer to a math problem as “a five digit number that includes two decimal places” is an example of ________.

A a functional solution

B a faulty solution

C a logical solution

D a general solution

Question #17

People who have a strong capacity for mental imagery also tend to rank highly in ________.

A fixation

B creativity

C bilingualism

D kinesthesia

Question #18

According to Noam Chomsky, our ability to construct a wide variety of sentences without learning everyone is based on patterns that support ________.

A transformation rules

B automatic processing

C representative heuristics

D cross-stimulation effects

Question #19

Which of the following terms best reflects the process of thinking in a way that leaves no options open?

A Divergent

B Additive

C Relative

D Absolute

Question #20

Which one of the following is the process of thinking, gaining knowledge, and dealing with knowledge?

A Semantics

B Synesthesia

C Concept formation

D Cognition

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