Midterm

A  Popular consumerism

B  Conspicuous consumption

C  Credit card consumerism

D  Designer consumerism

A  meritocracy

B  ideology

C  hegemony

D  stratification cognition

E  false consciousness 

A  It tends to blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes, while ignoring structural causes of inequality. 

B  The poor often move into the middle class. 

C  Contrary to assumptions about the culture of poverty, members of the lower class often save and take actions that might lead them to improve their situations. 

D  Some people simply have a predisposition to making poor choices regarding finances. 

E  The values and norms of many Americans in all class groups include attitudes of resignation and fatalism. 

A  3 percent 

B  27 percent 

C  1 percent 

D  15 percent 

E  40 percent 

A  false consciousness 

B  ideology

C  class consciousness 

D  cultural capital

E  social structure 

A  cultural capital

B  ideology

C  class consciousness 

D  education 

E  social welfare  

A  social reproduction 

B  ideology

C  slavery 

D  the invisibility of poverty 

E  caste 

A  Weber did not have a theory of social class. 

B  Weber believed that wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. 

C  Weber believed that class status was inherited and was an extension of the old feudal system. 

D  Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person’s social class. 

E  Weber did not believe that owning the means of production mattered in any way. 

A  10 percent 

B  90 percent 

C  99 percent 

D  47 percent 

E  53 percent 

A  deviance that is active and is openly embraced 

B  instances where a rule violation is, or seems to be, an admirable act that should be supported 

C  deviance that relates to a criminal record 

D  the form of acts that come with secondary deviance 

E  deviance that actively harms someone physically 

A  structural functionalism 

B  differential association theory 

C  labeling theory

D  deviance avowal 

E  structural strain theory 

A  Deviant behavior is glamorized in the media and therefore becomes increasingly attractive to young people. 

B  Deviant behavior has become so widespread that many people think of it as normal. 

C  There are a lot of people with inborn antisocial tendencies. 

D  American society is very lax in enforcing laws. 

E  The goal of success is shared by a majority of people, but not everyone has equal means for achieving that goal. 

A  structural functionalist 

B  retreatist 

C  pragmatic analytical 

D  conflict theory

E  symbolic interactionist 

A  Being forced out of office prevents him from ever cheating again. 

B  The anger and public outcry helps to rehabilitate the offender so he won’t give in to the temptation to cheat in the future. 

C  It helps to protect the family of the politician, who need scrutiny and media coverage in order to move on.

D  It helps to deter politicians from cheating in the future. 

E  It helps to clarify moral boundaries, reinforcing the idea that marital infidelity is wrong. 

A  cause harm or injury to someone

B  be a deeply held belief

C  inspire feelings of revulsion or disgust.

D  depart from a norm and generate a negative reaction.

E  violate a law

A  democratic leaders

B  instrumental leaders

C  expressive leaders

D  charismatic leaders

E  traditional leaders

A  It can lead to groupthink, in which dissenting opinions are strongly discouraged.

B  It reduces the degree to which members are attracted to the group.

C  It leads to endless rounds of discussion that tend to preclude any real action.

D  It makes it much harder for the group to achieve goals.

E  It makes group members more susceptible to anomie, normlessness.

A  a need for new types of etiquette.

B  unemployment.

C  anomie, or normlessness.

D  increasing reliance on technology.

E  the rise of hate groups.

A  True

B  False

A  False

B  True

A  when one individual has multiple roles that are in conflict

B  when an individual possesses a role she finds objectionable

C  when a role comes with contradictory expectations that lead to conflict within an individual

D  when an individual possesses a role that generates a great deal of controversy and conflict within her social circle

E  when an individual possesses a role that requires him to constantly challenge others, resulting in a great deal of conflict

A  True

B  False

A  literature

B  vandalism, truancy, and other forms of deviance

C  civics and the principles of American government

D  math, reading, and science

E  punctuality, neatness, and discipline

A  cooling the mark out

B  peer socialization

C  impression management

D  resocialization

E  the existential dilemma

A  Both football and society involve hierarchy and rules that help the elite maintain their status.

B  Both football and society use hegemonic power to maintain order.

C  In both football and society, individuals have to take into account the roles and points of view of everyone else. 

D  Football is one of the few games that allows individual agency.

E  In both football and society, there are winners and losers.

A  We modify our own behavior based on what we believe others think of us.

B  We determine whether or not our parents’ evaluations of us are similar to our grandparents’.

C  We imagine others’ evaluations of us.

D  We imagine how we appear to those around us.

E  We develop a self-concept based on what we think others think of us.

F    

A  interaction between commodities and social institutions.

B  fact that human nature is essentially self-centered and must be unlearned.

C  lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

D  process by which individuals come to know one another.

E  interaction between different societies’ cultures.

A  dominant culture

B  mixed culture

C  subculture

D  counterculture

E  subordinate culture

A  cultural spin-off.

B  counterculture.

C  subdominant culture.

D  social group.

E  subculture.

A  signs

B  multiculturalism

C  folkways

D  culture wars

E  sanctions 

A  all of these

B  taboos

C  folkways

D  mores

E  laws

A  They are practicing cultural relativism.

B  They are part of a counterculture.

C  They use their own culture as a standard of judgment.

D  Other cultures are extremely different from theirs.

E  They understand other values and beliefs within the proper cultural context.

A  Culture encompasses every aspect of social life.

B  all of these

C  Culture includes the habits and lifestyle choices of a group of people.

D  Culture includes customs and rituals, as well as tools and artifacts.

E  Culture shapes and defines who we are.

A  existing sources

B  interview transcripts

C  ethnographic fieldnotes

D  statistical analysis

E  experimental data

A  when they use surveys

B  when they use ethnographic methods

C  when they use historical research

D  when they use experimental methods

E  when they use interviews and participant observation

A  They encourage respondents to include detailed responses.

B  They allow respondents to answer with their own opinions.

C  They allow respondents to answer along a continuum, from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree.”

D  They allow respondents to opt out of a question if they don’t have an answer.

E  They allow respondents to answer in simple dichotomies, like true/false or yes/no.

A  they have all agreed to participate in the study for monetary compensation.

B  they all belong to the target population identified by the researcher.

C  their confidentiality has been guaranteed.

D  they have all read the prior literature on the subject area.

E  they all understand the nature of the study and what will be asked of them.

A  Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.

B  Ethnography requires no training since it’s something we all do as human beings.   

C  Ethnography is a quick and easy form of social science research.

D  Ethnography allows the researcher to hold on to rigid stereotypes about others.

E  Ethnography requires the researcher to spend little time gaining familiarity with the research subjects.

A  hypothesis.

B  research proposal.

C  example of reactivity.

D  paradigm shift.

E  ethical issue.

A  conflict theory

B  postmodernism

C  symbolic interactionism

D  structural functionalism

E  psychoanalysis

A  a cause for repression and sublimation.

B  a latent function of increased security.

C  a manifest function of the border patrol.

D  a serious source of anomie.

E  a source of mechanical solidarity.

A  psychoanalysis

B  postmodernism

C  conflict theory

D  structural functionalism

E  symbolic interactionism

A  More and more people live under totalitarian dictators and so lose basic rights and freedoms.

B  The conditions of modern life create a psychic prison that leaves most people discontent with civilization.

C  Increasingly, we live and work in smaller and smaller physical locations, as if crammed in a cage.

D  Most aspects of life are increasingly controlled through rigid rules and rationalization.

E  Increasingly, modern society has more laws and uses them to incarcerate more people in prison.

A  when a vanguard party leads a violent revolution

B  when industrial production is perfected, so that most of the workers are unemployed

C  through a religious awakening

D  when the lower classes come to recognize how society works and challenge those in power

E  through the further development of false consciousness

A  anger and disillusionment with progress

B  the transfer of destructive urges to socially useful activities

C  normlessness, or a loss of social connections

D  a kind of social solidarity based on interdependence

E  a failure of the oppressed to recognize the source of their oppression

A  Macrosociological—it helps to understand how face-to-face interactions shape society.

B  Both are useful in different ways, because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.

C  Macrosociological—it explains how large-scale social institutions influence individuals.

D  Microsociological—it explains how individuals shape and create large-scale social institutions.

A  quantitative methods

B  the sociological imagination

C  Macrosociology

D  culture shock

E  Globalization

A  We should ask those who are unemployed how much they want to work.

B  We should consider the economic and political structures of the society.

C  We should worry about the intelligence level of the workers who have lost their jobs.

D  We should teach people how to take better advantage of their opportunities.

E  We should consider the work ethic of the average citizen.

A  It’s innately understood by nearly everyone, but rarely acknowledged.

B  It makes sociology classes more interesting.

C  It will help generate more jobs for sociologists.

D  Many people remain unaware of the intricate connections between the patterns of their own lives and the larger course of history.

E  It will encourage growth in the field of microsociology.