Final Exam

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Question #1

Eliza earned a 61% on her first exam in Psychology, and the class average was 84%. On the second exam, Eliza again earned a 61%, but this time the class average was 63%. She felt much better about herself on the second exam as a result of the ________ effect.

A social categorization

B frog pond

C self-enhancement

D parallel process

Question #2

Vicenta is looking at a book at the local library when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Vicenta backward. “Wow, she is very rude,” Vicenta thinks. This is an example of social ________, which occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person.

A cognition

B appraisal

C influence

D attribution

Question #3

Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:

A Deductive reasoning

B Inductive reasoning

C Empirical research

D A scientific theory

Question #4

When two neurons are communicating, the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that travel across the synaptic cleft and attach to what type of receptor on the postsynaptic neuron?

A ionotropic

B threshold

C cation

D node of Ranvier

Question #5

Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to ______ and was instead controlled by events in the environment.

A the organism’s biology

B learning

C classical conditioning

D the mind

E psychology

Question #6

Which of the following terms refers to a naming system; in this case, a common naming system that divides the brain into different recognized parts?

A a nomenclature

B a thesis

C an idiograph

D a lexicon

Question #7

In Bandura’s famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

A children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children.

B children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

C that observation had no impact on behavior

D the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick

Question #8

Rory has felt depressed most of the last three years. He also suffers from poor appetite and low self-esteem. Rory most likely has:

A major depressive disorder

B an eating disorder

C persistent depressive disorder

D bipolar disorder

Question #9

Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology.

A internal thoughts and feelings

B self-reported behavior

C the study of the brain and nervous system

D gender differences

E observable behavior

Question #10

Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable?

A the journal

B the number of erections

C the Viagra

D the participants

Question #11

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning.

B In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

C In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning.

D In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary.

Question #12

Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness?

A somatogenic and psychogenic

B psychogenic and supernatural

C psychogenic and psychoanalysis

D supernatural and somatogenic

Question #13

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath on an axon known as?

A glia cells

B synaptic cleft

C nodes of Ranvier

D dendrites

Question #14

Effects that increase behaviors are __________;
effects that decrease them are ____________.

A reinforcers; punishers

B rewards; consequences

C positive; negative

D right; wrong

Question #15

Ronaldo’s dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey’s owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey’s association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

A obedience

B elimination

C renewal effect

D spontaneous recovery

Question #16

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children’s cognitive development are measured by:

A how children reason, with fundamental changes in thinking occurring in each stage

B a child’s age

C how well they work together to solve a problem

D the answers children give to each problem

Question #17

Confidentiality requires that:

A all data be collected anonymously

B access to collected data be limited to research staff

C participants not be asked for personal information

D it be impossible to connect data to individuals

Question #18

The chloride ions in the runner’s nerves are moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration in a process known as _____________.

A diffusion

B salutatory conduction

C neurotransmission

D electrostatic pressure

Question #19

After analysis of the research data, the results are determined to be “not likely caused by chance or random occurrence.” This is referred to as:

A Statistical significance

B Variance probability

C Cause and effect

D Statistical Proof

E Variable evidence

Question #20

What is the name for the voltage at which no ions flow in or out of a neuron?

A action potential

B electrostatic pressure

C threshold of excitation

D equilibrium potential

Question #21

The four dissociative disorders are: 1) dissociative amnesia, 2) depersonalization/derealization disorder, 3) dissociative identity disorder, and 4) _______.

A dissociative fugue

B identity confusion

C identity alteration

D fantasy proneness

Question #22

The ________ of the brain houses the motor cortex and areas responsible for judgment, decisions and planning.

A occipital lobe

B parietal lobe

C frontal lobe

D temporal lobe

Question #23

After a neuron fires, its sodium channels close and the neuron cannot fire during that time. The neuron has become ____________.

A overstimulated

B depolarized

C refractory

D excited

Question #24

Chloride (Cl-) is what type of ion?

A cation

B anion

C unipolar ion

D bipolar ion

Question #25

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place.

A reinforcements

B a set of rules

C a complex game

D social models

Question #26

According to research which are the most stressful events in a person’s life?

A When attempts to cooperate are frustrated.

B When they are engaged in competition against other people.

C When their aspirations are greater than their current circumstances.

D When they experience a loss of a relationship.

Question #27

What term is used to refer to the fact that functions seen on one side of the body are controlled by the opposite cerebral hemisphere?

A ipsilateral control

B contralateral representation

C proximolateral functioning

D cephalocaudal emergence

Question #28

One of the best ways to answer questions associated with the nature-nurture debate is to complete twin studies, especially with __________ twins.

A dizygotic

B fertilized

C identical

D fraternal

Question #29

Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son’s baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal?

A To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago.

B To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons.

C To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.

D To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player’s performance.

Question #30

What cell provides nutritional and structural support to the neuron?

A glia

B axons

C synaptic vesicles

D xylem

Question #31

Drugs blocking which of the following neurotransmitters have been shown to be an effective treatment of psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia?

A GABA

B epinephrine

C dopamine

D serotonin

Question #32

Some of Stefan’s neurons died as they aged. What type of cell helped digest their remains?

A glial cells

B synaptic cells

C receptor cells

D cation cells

Question #33

In Pavlov’s experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell after pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus?

A neutral.

B unconditioned.

C conditioned.

D discriminative.

Question #34

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.

A behavioral

B cognitive

C psychodynamic

D humanistic

Question #35

When a neuron is not conducting an electrical message, it has a charge of -70mV known as its

A resting membrane potential

B extracellular voltage

C excitation threshold

D electrostatic pressure

Question #36

Which of the following is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

A a person’s political opinions

B a person’s height

C all of these

D a person’s personality

Question #37

Even though her parents offer to get her a tutor, Alaine feels that she is not good at math and never will be. She believes that she is just not smart “in this way,” and she’s not interested in trying to get better. Alaine has a ________ mindset about her math skills.

A growth

B downward comparative

C fixed

D locked-in

Question #38

Before they travel across the synapse to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, chemical messengers are stored in what location on the presynaptic membrane?

A ionotropes

B axons

C synaptic vesicles

D nodes of Ranvier

Question #39

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter’s place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan’s behavior?

A egocentrism

B conservation

C transformation

D object permanence

Question #40

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

A operant conditioning

B observational learning

C occasion setting

D classical conditioning

Question #41

What type of signal directs the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into the synapse?

A chemical

B repeated

C electrical

D intense

Question #42

You may have heard different types of tissue in the brain being referred to as either “gray matter” or “white matter.” What is it that makes white matter white?

A Blood does not flow to these parts of the brain and so they remain white.

B The high level of oxygenation in these cells causes them to have a whitish hue.

C When a person undergoes neuroimaging, these parts of the brain show up as white in an fMRI or CT scan.

D These cells are covered with myelin, which is a fatty sheath that has a whitish color.

Question #43

A Major Depressive Episode requires ________ of nine symptoms, including a depressed mood and/or diminished interest in activities for at least two weeks.

A seven

B eight

C five

D three

Question #44

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn’t really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

A conformity

B obedience

C groupthink

D compliance

Question #45

Hodgkin and Huxley studied action potentials in the neurons of what animal?

A giant squids

B cats

C frogs

D humans

Question #46

Communication between neurons is accomplished using what type of energy?

A frictional

B magnetic

C electrical

D chemical

Question #47

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of:

A misinformation effect

B cue overload

C source Amnesia

D misattribution effect

Question #48

This noted woman was an accomplished student of William James. She studied at Harvard University but was denied her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. She later went on to be the first woman elected to be president of the American Psychological Association.

A Mary Whiton Calkins

B Margaret Floy Washburn

C Althenia Davidson

D Francis Sumner

Question #49

A(n) __________ refers to a substance that is necessary for a living organism to maintain life. Examples for human beings include oxygen and glucose.

A mineral

B amino acid

C essential element

D metabolite

Question #50

What is the primary benefit of using diffuse optical imaging (DOI) as a neuroimaging tool?

A It is extremely inexpensive to perform, while other types of neuroimaging can be very costly.

B It provides both high spatial and temporal resolution, where other types of neuroimaging can only provide one or the other.

C It does not require the use of a restrictive apparatus that can cause claustrophobic responses, while all other forms of neuroimaging do require this apparatus.

D It takes only minutes to use while other neuroimaging studies can take hours.

Question #51

What part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli?

A terminal buttons

B soma

C dendrites

D axon

Question #52

In a “Skinner box” experiments with rats the rats can learn:

A rats were unable to learn new behaviors.

B rat’s behavior varied over several days.

C to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

D to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Question #53

Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?

A naturalistic.

B bodily-kinesthetic.

C intrapersonal.

D interpersonal.

Question #54

Piaget’s stage theory can be described as which of the following?

A discontinuous and quantitative

B continuous and qualitative

C continuous and quantitative

D discontinuous and qualitative

Question #55

The three major parts of the neuron are the dendrites, axon, and ___________.

A reuptake

B soma

C synapse

D cell wall

Question #56

In order for a mood-related episode to qualify as a period of hypomania, the associated symptoms of elevation must last for a minimum of:

A four days

B one week

C one month

D two weeks

Question #57

Max saw that his friend was approaching and he lifted his arm to wave at her. What type of neuron moved his hand?

A neurotransmitter

B motor neuron

C interneuron

D sensory neuron

Question #58

Dianne hears voices commanding her to warn people that alien beings from another planet are stealing children, so she tells parents outside a movie theatre to take their children safely home. Dianne may be diagnosed with:

A obsessive-compulsive disorder

B generalized anxiety disorder

C schizophrenia

D post-traumatic stress disorder

Question #59

A disruption of memory and identity would be classified as what type of disorder?

A mood disorder

B anxiety disorder

C dissociative disorder

D obsessive-compulsive disorder

Question #60

Where are neurons located?

A peripheral nervous system

B central nervous system

C somatic nervous system

D autonomic nervous system

Question #61

Potassium (K+) ions and Sodium (Na+) ions repel each other due to

A diffusion

B membrane potentials

C electrostatic pressure

D salutatory conduction

Question #62

In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the _______ explanation should be selected.

A longest

B simplest

C most complex

D oldest

Question #63

Asch’s study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?

A obedience to authority

B informational influence

C normative influence

D descriptive norms

Question #64

The electrical current that travels down the axon of a neuron is known as what?

A threshold of excitation

B electrostatic pressure

C action potential

D extracellular charge

Question #65

Other than electrostatic pressure, what force helps maintain a neuron’s charge of -70mV at rest?

A gravity

B diffusion

C friction

D salutatory conduction

Question #66

Emily’s brain released the neurotransmitter GABA, which reduced her nerve’s chance of reaching its threshold of excitation. What type of molecule is GABA?

A inhibitory postsynaptic potential

B postsynaptic action potential

C refractory postsynaptic potential

D excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question #67

Psychological research generally uses a p-value of ______ as a cutoff for statistical significance.

A 0.07

B 0.10

C 0.03

D 0.05

E 0.15

Question #68

Sybil is a young women living in Europe in the middle ages. When she starts experiencing symptoms of mental illness, her priest diagnoses her as being ________.

A a possessed witch

B a hysterical woman

C an immoral animal

D a hormonally imbalanced person

Question #69

Sybil is a young women living in Europe in the middle ages. When she starts experiencing symptoms of mental illness, her priest diagnoses her as being ________.

A an immoral animal

B a hormonally imbalanced person

C a possessed witch

D a hysterical woman

Question #70

Crystallized Intelligence is to Creative Intelligence:

A ability to problem solve at a basic level: ability to problem solve at a high level

B ability to problem solve to a high level: ability to problem solve at a basic level

C information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

D ability to apply information in novel settings: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

Question #71

The action potential in the chef’s neuron was able to quickly travel from one node of Ranvier to the next so that she could move her arm away from the hot stove. What is this type of rapid transmission known as?

A electrostatic pressure

B diffusion

C salutatory conduction

D neurotransmission

Question #72

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________.

A discrimination.

B a prejudice.

C a stereotype.

D an attribution.

Question #73

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:

A number of hours studied

B method of studying (spaced or cramming)

C students

D exam performance

Question #74

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi’s action is an example of __________.

A discrimination.

B the self-serving bias.

C a heuristic.

D a stereotype.

Question #75

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua’s video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua’s behavior?

A passive aggressive behavior.

B positive reinforcement.

C negative punishment.

D negative reinforcement.

Question #76

Rory has felt depressed most of the last three years. He also suffers from poor appetite and low self-esteem. Rory most likely has:

A an eating disorder

B persistent depressive disorder

C major depressive disorder

D bipolar disorder

Question #77

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

A the tone and the light equally

B the tone, but not the light

C only the tone and light if paired together

D the tone absolutely and the light to a lesser degree

Question #78

The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as _________.

A interpersonal variation

B internal validity

C generalizability

D the outgroup homogeneity bias

Question #79

Dr. Nguyen conducts a study to examine the hypothesis that exercising in the morning increases subjective well-being. In this study, the null hypothesis is that there is/are ________.

A no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being

B physical exercise leads to subjective well-being

C a relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being

D physical exercise does not lead to subjective well-being

Question #80

Robert’s neuron in the motor cortex of his brain helps his legs move. The neuron has several dendrites so that it can receive input from many sources. What type of neuron is this?

A ionotropic neuron

B excitatory postsynaptic neuron

C anion neuron

D multipolar neuron

Question #81

What type of neuron initiates physical movement and allows people to move through the world?

A neurotransmitter

B sensory neuron

C motor neuron

D interneuron

Question #82

Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is:

A +2.52

B +0.30

C +0.05

D -0.9

Question #83

The HPA axis is the ______________________________ axis.

A High Profile Axis

B Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal

C Hippocampus Pineal Anterior

D Hippocampus Percentage Area

Question #84

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the methodological advantage of twin studies?

A Because twins share DNA it is possible to estimate the contribution of genetics to their personality and behavior.

B Because twins share genetics and live in the same environment they provide information about both nature and nurture.

C Twin studies use both self-report and peer report.

D Because there are two participants the findings always replicate.

Question #85

If a baby were given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family, you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened, it would offer insights into the _________ question of what leads to an individual’s behavior.

A twin studies

B nature-nurture question

C genetic lottery

D DNA

Question #86

If old experiences disrupt recall of new experiences, this is referred to as:

A retroactive interference.

B encoding failure.

C retrieval failure.

D proactive interference.

Question #87

Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness?

A supernatural and somatogenic

B psychogenic and supernatural

C somatogenic and psychogenic

D psychogenic and psychoanalysis

Question #88

Acute stress (eustress) usually leads to

A damage of the hippocampus.

B permanent memory loss.

C resiliency of the immune system.

D damage to the immune system.

Question #89

In research on how motivation affects creativity the scientists are interested in ______.

A student samples

B external factors

C parameters

D cause and effect

E margin of error

Question #90

Eating nuts and berries, along with aerobic exercise increase

A human lifespan.

B neurotrophins

C ATP

D All of these

E Sirt1

Question #91

Drugs blocking which of the following neurotransmitters have been shown to be an effective treatment of psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia?

A GABA

B dopamine

C serotonin

D epinephrine

Question #92

Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?

A Be all that you can be.

B Reality is what you think, not what you see.

C The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

D If at first you don’t succeed, try again!

Question #93

Which of the following pairs of psychologists were responsible for the first recognized test of intelligence quotient, or IQ?

A Wechsler and Terman

B Binet and Simon

C Thurstone and Gladman

D Spearman and Galton

Question #94

Which is an example of using a downward comparison?

A Keely and Janeen go to a nightclub together to have fun and dance, and neither of them has a good time because nobody asks them to dance.

B Britni, who has earned a Master’s degree, feels that she is better than her sister, Alicia, who never graduated from college.

C Phil has been jealous of his colleague Cornelius for several months because Cornelius got a larger pay raise than Phil.

D Olin has a high paying job at a tech company. He feels sorry for people who do not make enough to afford education, vacations, and other highly priced experiences.

Question #95

Which part of the brain was referred to by Aristotle as the “little brain?”

A the cerebellum

B the corpus callosum

C the reticular activating system

D the hypothalmus

Question #96

Randy has a box of Smarties candies. Randy leaves the room, and while he is away, Michelle plays a trick on him. She removes the Smarties and replaces them with rocks. Their son, Zeven, notices this, and starts laughing knowing that his Dad, Randy, will be tricked! Zeven has mastered:

A a theory of mind

B formal operations

C secure attachment

D conventional reasoning