Final Exam

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Question #1

Eliza earned a 61% on her first exam in Psychology, and the class average was 84%. On the second exam, Eliza again earned a 61%, but this time the class average was 63%. She felt much better about herself on the second exam as a result of the ________ effect.

A frog pond

B social categorization

C parallel process

D self-enhancement

Question #2

Vicenta is looking at a book at the local library when Daina brushes past her, gently pushing Vicenta backward. “Wow, she is very rude,” Vicenta thinks. This is an example of social ________, which occurs when we make educated guesses about the efforts or motives of another person.

A cognition

B appraisal

C influence

D attribution

Question #3

Steph gets stung by a bee. He notices that the sting is not very painful and concludes that stings from wasps, bees, and other insects do not hurt. This is an example of:

A A scientific theory

B Empirical research

C Inductive reasoning

D Deductive reasoning

Question #4

When two neurons are communicating, the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that travel across the synaptic cleft and attach to what type of receptor on the postsynaptic neuron?

A threshold

B node of Ranvier

C cation

D ionotropic

Question #5

Ivan Pavlov advanced behaviorism by showing that behavior could be explained without reference to ______ and was instead controlled by events in the environment.

A classical conditioning

B learning

C the organism’s biology

D psychology

E the mind

Question #6

Which of the following terms refers to a naming system; in this case, a common naming system that divides the brain into different recognized parts?

A a lexicon

B a thesis

C a nomenclature

D an idiograph

Question #7

In Bandura’s famous experiment children observed either an aggressive or a non-aggressive model in a room of toys and a Bobo Doll. When allowed to play with Bobo, researchers observed that children who observed the aggressive model were more aggressive in their own interactions. Research concluded that:

A children who observed the aggressive models were more aggressive than the other children.

B children used their observation of adult models to determine that aggressive behavior was acceptable

C that observation had no impact on behavior

D the aggressive models instructed the children how to hit and kick

Question #8

Rory has felt depressed most of the last three years. He also suffers from poor appetite and low self-esteem. Rory most likely has:

A major depressive disorder

B bipolar disorder

C an eating disorder

D persistent depressive disorder

Question #9

Behaviorism considers ______ to be the proper subject matter of psychology.

A the study of the brain and nervous system

B self-reported behavior

C gender differences

D internal thoughts and feelings

E observable behavior

Question #10

Participants in a study on the effects of Viagra are assigned to groups. One group receives a sugar pill while the other group receives Viagra. The number of erections over 30 days is recorded by participants in a journal. In this example, what is the independent variable?

A the Viagra

B the participants

C the journal

D the number of erections

Question #11

Which of the following is an important difference between classical and operant conditioning?

A In classical conditioning, the behavior is an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning the behavior is not an indicator of learning.

B In classical conditioning, the behavior is not an indicator of learning, whereas in operant conditioning, it is an indicator of learning.

C In classical conditioning, the behavior is involuntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is voluntary.

D In classical conditioning, the behavior it voluntary, whereas in operant conditioning it is involuntary.

Question #12

Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness?

A psychogenic and supernatural

B psychogenic and psychoanalysis

C supernatural and somatogenic

D somatogenic and psychogenic

Question #13

What are the gaps in the myelin sheath on an axon known as?

A dendrites

B synaptic cleft

C glia cells

D nodes of Ranvier

Question #14

Effects that increase behaviors are __________;
effects that decrease them are ____________.

A right; wrong

B rewards; consequences

C reinforcers; punishers

D positive; negative

Question #15

Ronaldo’s dog, Mickey, used to be classically conditioned to bark every time he heard the doorbell because he knew people would be arriving and he wanted to say hello. While Mickey’s owner did a good job of extinguishing Mickey’s association of these stimuli, a doorbell can still sometimes evoke some responding again of Mickey barking. It is likely that Mikey is showing what aspect of conditioning?

A renewal effect

B elimination

C obedience

D spontaneous recovery

Question #16

According to Piaget, the developmental processes that explain children’s cognitive development are measured by:

A how well they work together to solve a problem

B how children reason, with fundamental changes in thinking occurring in each stage

C a child’s age

D the answers children give to each problem

Question #17

Confidentiality requires that:

A access to collected data be limited to research staff

B it be impossible to connect data to individuals

C participants not be asked for personal information

D all data be collected anonymously

Question #18

The chloride ions in the runner’s nerves are moving from areas of high concentration to low concentration in a process known as _____________.

A electrostatic pressure

B salutatory conduction

C neurotransmission

D diffusion

Question #19

After analysis of the research data, the results are determined to be “not likely caused by chance or random occurrence.” This is referred to as:

A Variance probability

B Variable evidence

C Statistical Proof

D Cause and effect

E Statistical significance

Question #20

What is the name for the voltage at which no ions flow in or out of a neuron?

A electrostatic pressure

B equilibrium potential

C action potential

D threshold of excitation

Question #21

The four dissociative disorders are: 1) dissociative amnesia, 2) depersonalization/derealization disorder, 3) dissociative identity disorder, and 4) _______.

A fantasy proneness

B identity confusion

C identity alteration

D dissociative fugue

Question #22

The ________ of the brain houses the motor cortex and areas responsible for judgment, decisions and planning.

A frontal lobe

B parietal lobe

C occipital lobe

D temporal lobe

Question #23

After a neuron fires, its sodium channels close and the neuron cannot fire during that time. The neuron has become ____________.

A excited

B depolarized

C refractory

D overstimulated

Question #24

Chloride (Cl-) is what type of ion?

A bipolar ion

B anion

C cation

D unipolar ion

Question #25

Social Learning Theory requires ___________ in order for learning to take place.

A reinforcements

B a set of rules

C a complex game

D social models

Question #26

According to research which are the most stressful events in a person’s life?

A When their aspirations are greater than their current circumstances.

B When they are engaged in competition against other people.

C When they experience a loss of a relationship.

D When attempts to cooperate are frustrated.

Question #27

What term is used to refer to the fact that functions seen on one side of the body are controlled by the opposite cerebral hemisphere?

A contralateral representation

B ipsilateral control

C cephalocaudal emergence

D proximolateral functioning

Question #28

One of the best ways to answer questions associated with the nature-nurture debate is to complete twin studies, especially with __________ twins.

A identical

B fertilized

C fraternal

D dizygotic

Question #29

Dr. Tanaka wants to know if the teams in his son’s baseball league are relatively even so that no one team has a significant advantage over another. What would be the best way for him to accomplish this goal?

A To study the way the players all performed in the previous season, which ended 10 months ago.

B To take a random sample of players from each team and test them on various baseball drills.

C To go to each game and keep statistical records of every player’s performance.

D To take a random team and evaluate its performance over the last two seasons.

Question #30

What cell provides nutritional and structural support to the neuron?

A axons

B synaptic vesicles

C xylem

D glia

Question #31

Drugs blocking which of the following neurotransmitters have been shown to be an effective treatment of psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia?

A epinephrine

B serotonin

C dopamine

D GABA

Question #32

Some of Stefan’s neurons died as they aged. What type of cell helped digest their remains?

A synaptic cells

B glial cells

C cation cells

D receptor cells

Question #33

In Pavlov’s experiments, what type of stimulus was the bell after pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus?

A conditioned.

B discriminative.

C unconditioned.

D neutral.

Question #34

Gestalt psychology, with its emphasis on topics such as learning and perception, was an important early precursor to the rise of ________ psychology in America.

A psychodynamic

B cognitive

C humanistic

D behavioral

Question #35

When a neuron is not conducting an electrical message, it has a charge of -70mV known as its

A excitation threshold

B resting membrane potential

C electrostatic pressure

D extracellular voltage

Question #36

Which of the following is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors?

A a person’s height

B a person’s personality

C a person’s political opinions

D all of these

Question #37

Even though her parents offer to get her a tutor, Alaine feels that she is not good at math and never will be. She believes that she is just not smart “in this way,” and she’s not interested in trying to get better. Alaine has a ________ mindset about her math skills.

A growth

B fixed

C downward comparative

D locked-in

Question #38

Before they travel across the synapse to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, chemical messengers are stored in what location on the presynaptic membrane?

A nodes of Ranvier

B axons

C synaptic vesicles

D ionotropes

Question #39

Eight-month old Jonathan was left by his mother at the baby-sitter’s place. The minute his mother left and he could not see her, Jonathan started to cry. According to Piaget’s theory of cognitive development which concept would explain Jonathan’s behavior?

A object permanence

B conservation

C egocentrism

D transformation

Question #40

A child who learns to play kickball by sitting back and watching is engaged in:

A observational learning

B occasion setting

C operant conditioning

D classical conditioning

Question #41

What type of signal directs the synaptic vesicles to release their neurotransmitters into the synapse?

A electrical

B intense

C chemical

D repeated

Question #42

You may have heard different types of tissue in the brain being referred to as either “gray matter” or “white matter.” What is it that makes white matter white?

A The high level of oxygenation in these cells causes them to have a whitish hue.

B Blood does not flow to these parts of the brain and so they remain white.

C These cells are covered with myelin, which is a fatty sheath that has a whitish color.

D When a person undergoes neuroimaging, these parts of the brain show up as white in an fMRI or CT scan.

Question #43

A Major Depressive Episode requires ________ of nine symptoms, including a depressed mood and/or diminished interest in activities for at least two weeks.

A three

B five

C seven

D eight

Question #44

Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn’t really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in __________.

A obedience

B compliance

C conformity

D groupthink

Question #45

Hodgkin and Huxley studied action potentials in the neurons of what animal?

A frogs

B humans

C cats

D giant squids

Question #46

Communication between neurons is accomplished using what type of energy?

A magnetic

B frictional

C chemical

D electrical

Question #47

In a study, researchers asked one group of participants to watch a video about two friends in an unpleasant argument. They asked another group of participants to watch the same video, but told participants that it was a video of two friends enjoying a lively discussion. Afterwards, the researchers notice that participants who were told the discussion was an argument were more likely to falsely report that the people in the video were yelling, frowning, and getting angry. This is an example of:

A cue overload

B misinformation effect

C misattribution effect

D source Amnesia

Question #48

This noted woman was an accomplished student of William James. She studied at Harvard University but was denied her doctoral degree simply because she was a woman. She later went on to be the first woman elected to be president of the American Psychological Association.

A Margaret Floy Washburn

B Althenia Davidson

C Mary Whiton Calkins

D Francis Sumner

Question #49

A(n) __________ refers to a substance that is necessary for a living organism to maintain life. Examples for human beings include oxygen and glucose.

A mineral

B essential element

C amino acid

D metabolite

Question #50

What is the primary benefit of using diffuse optical imaging (DOI) as a neuroimaging tool?

A It takes only minutes to use while other neuroimaging studies can take hours.

B It does not require the use of a restrictive apparatus that can cause claustrophobic responses, while all other forms of neuroimaging do require this apparatus.

C It provides both high spatial and temporal resolution, where other types of neuroimaging can only provide one or the other.

D It is extremely inexpensive to perform, while other types of neuroimaging can be very costly.

Question #51

What part of the neuron receives input in the form of chemical stimuli?

A axon

B dendrites

C soma

D terminal buttons

Question #52

In a “Skinner box” experiments with rats the rats can learn:

A rat’s behavior varied over several days.

B to press a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

C rats were unable to learn new behaviors.

D to quit pressing a lever when reinforced with a food pellet

Question #53

Leonard is a psychotherapist and is very good at his job partly because he has a strong sense of empathy for others. Which type of intelligence from Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory does this most clearly indicate?

A naturalistic.

B interpersonal.

C bodily-kinesthetic.

D intrapersonal.

Question #54

Piaget’s stage theory can be described as which of the following?

A discontinuous and qualitative

B continuous and quantitative

C continuous and qualitative

D discontinuous and quantitative

Question #55

The three major parts of the neuron are the dendrites, axon, and ___________.

A cell wall

B synapse

C reuptake

D soma

Question #56

In order for a mood-related episode to qualify as a period of hypomania, the associated symptoms of elevation must last for a minimum of:

A one week

B two weeks

C four days

D one month

Question #57

Max saw that his friend was approaching and he lifted his arm to wave at her. What type of neuron moved his hand?

A sensory neuron

B motor neuron

C interneuron

D neurotransmitter

Question #58

Dianne hears voices commanding her to warn people that alien beings from another planet are stealing children, so she tells parents outside a movie theatre to take their children safely home. Dianne may be diagnosed with:

A post-traumatic stress disorder

B obsessive-compulsive disorder

C generalized anxiety disorder

D schizophrenia

Question #59

A disruption of memory and identity would be classified as what type of disorder?

A obsessive-compulsive disorder

B dissociative disorder

C mood disorder

D anxiety disorder

Question #60

Where are neurons located?

A somatic nervous system

B peripheral nervous system

C autonomic nervous system

D central nervous system

Question #61

Potassium (K+) ions and Sodium (Na+) ions repel each other due to

A electrostatic pressure

B membrane potentials

C diffusion

D salutatory conduction

Question #62

In scientific theories, when there are competing explanations for empirical observations, the _______ explanation should be selected.

A most complex

B oldest

C simplest

D longest

Question #63

Asch’s study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?

A normative influence

B descriptive norms

C obedience to authority

D informational influence

Question #64

The electrical current that travels down the axon of a neuron is known as what?

A electrostatic pressure

B extracellular charge

C threshold of excitation

D action potential

Question #65

Other than electrostatic pressure, what force helps maintain a neuron’s charge of -70mV at rest?

A salutatory conduction

B diffusion

C gravity

D friction

Question #66

Emily’s brain released the neurotransmitter GABA, which reduced her nerve’s chance of reaching its threshold of excitation. What type of molecule is GABA?

A postsynaptic action potential

B excitatory postsynaptic potential

C refractory postsynaptic potential

D inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Question #67

Psychological research generally uses a p-value of ______ as a cutoff for statistical significance.

A 0.07

B 0.10

C 0.03

D 0.15

E 0.05

Question #68

Sybil is a young women living in Europe in the middle ages. When she starts experiencing symptoms of mental illness, her priest diagnoses her as being ________.

A a possessed witch

B a hysterical woman

C a hormonally imbalanced person

D an immoral animal

Question #69

Sybil is a young women living in Europe in the middle ages. When she starts experiencing symptoms of mental illness, her priest diagnoses her as being ________.

A a hormonally imbalanced person

B a hysterical woman

C a possessed witch

D an immoral animal

Question #70

Crystallized Intelligence is to Creative Intelligence:

A ability to apply information in novel settings: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

B ability to problem solve at a basic level: ability to problem solve at a high level

C information that has been acquired through experience: ability to reason and problem solve in novel situations

D ability to problem solve to a high level: ability to problem solve at a basic level

Question #71

The action potential in the chef’s neuron was able to quickly travel from one node of Ranvier to the next so that she could move her arm away from the hot stove. What is this type of rapid transmission known as?

A salutatory conduction

B electrostatic pressure

C neurotransmission

D diffusion

Question #72

A belief that characterizes people based merely on group membership is __________.

A a stereotype.

B discrimination.

C an attribution.

D a prejudice.

Question #73

Students who study for 7 hours over the course of a week will perform better than students who cram for 7 hours the night before the exam. The dependent variable in this hypothesis is:

A number of hours studied

B exam performance

C method of studying (spaced or cramming)

D students

Question #74

Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi’s action is an example of __________.

A the self-serving bias.

B a heuristic.

C a stereotype.

D discrimination.

Question #75

If Jack confiscates his son Joshua’s video game console to stop him from misbehaving, what technique is Jack using to modify Joshua’s behavior?

A negative punishment.

B passive aggressive behavior.

C positive reinforcement.

D negative reinforcement.

Question #76

Rory has felt depressed most of the last three years. He also suffers from poor appetite and low self-esteem. Rory most likely has:

A bipolar disorder

B an eating disorder

C persistent depressive disorder

D major depressive disorder

Question #77

If a tone is sometimes preceded by a light, and always followed by a shock, an animal will likely learn to fear:

A only the tone and light if paired together

B the tone, but not the light

C the tone absolutely and the light to a lesser degree

D the tone and the light equally

Question #78

The extent to which we can infer that findings with a sample will be true of the larger population from which it was drawn is referred to as _________.

A generalizability

B internal validity

C the outgroup homogeneity bias

D interpersonal variation

Question #79

Dr. Nguyen conducts a study to examine the hypothesis that exercising in the morning increases subjective well-being. In this study, the null hypothesis is that there is/are ________.

A physical exercise does not lead to subjective well-being

B no relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being

C a relationship between the time of day individuals exercise and subjective well-being

D physical exercise leads to subjective well-being

Question #80

Robert’s neuron in the motor cortex of his brain helps his legs move. The neuron has several dendrites so that it can receive input from many sources. What type of neuron is this?

A multipolar neuron

B excitatory postsynaptic neuron

C anion neuron

D ionotropic neuron

Question #81

What type of neuron initiates physical movement and allows people to move through the world?

A sensory neuron

B neurotransmitter

C interneuron

D motor neuron

Question #82

Among the examples below, the strongest correlation coefficient is:

A +0.30

B -0.9

C +0.05

D +2.52

Question #83

The HPA axis is the ______________________________ axis.

A Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal

B Hippocampus Percentage Area

C High Profile Axis

D Hippocampus Pineal Anterior

Question #84

Which of the following is the most accurate description of the methodological advantage of twin studies?

A Because twins share DNA it is possible to estimate the contribution of genetics to their personality and behavior.

B Because there are two participants the findings always replicate.

C Because twins share genetics and live in the same environment they provide information about both nature and nurture.

D Twin studies use both self-report and peer report.

Question #85

If a baby were given up for adoption from an English-only speaking family and adopted by a Spanish speaking family, you would expect the baby to learn to speak Spanish. If this happened, it would offer insights into the _________ question of what leads to an individual’s behavior.

A nature-nurture question

B twin studies

C DNA

D genetic lottery

Question #86

If old experiences disrupt recall of new experiences, this is referred to as:

A proactive interference.

B retroactive interference.

C retrieval failure.

D encoding failure.

Question #87

Today, mental illness is often treated with psychotherapy and medication. These treatments reflect what two categories of causes of mental illness?

A psychogenic and supernatural

B psychogenic and psychoanalysis

C somatogenic and psychogenic

D supernatural and somatogenic

Question #88

Acute stress (eustress) usually leads to

A resiliency of the immune system.

B permanent memory loss.

C damage to the immune system.

D damage of the hippocampus.

Question #89

In research on how motivation affects creativity the scientists are interested in ______.

A external factors

B student samples

C parameters

D margin of error

E cause and effect

Question #90

Eating nuts and berries, along with aerobic exercise increase

A ATP

B All of these

C human lifespan.

D neurotrophins

E Sirt1

Question #91

Drugs blocking which of the following neurotransmitters have been shown to be an effective treatment of psychotic disorders, like schizophrenia?

A serotonin

B dopamine

C epinephrine

D GABA

Question #92

Which cliché most fully encompasses the beliefs of early Gestalt psychologists?

A The whole is more than the sum of its parts.

B If at first you don’t succeed, try again!

C Be all that you can be.

D Reality is what you think, not what you see.

Question #93

Which of the following pairs of psychologists were responsible for the first recognized test of intelligence quotient, or IQ?

A Binet and Simon

B Wechsler and Terman

C Thurstone and Gladman

D Spearman and Galton

Question #94

Which is an example of using a downward comparison?

A Olin has a high paying job at a tech company. He feels sorry for people who do not make enough to afford education, vacations, and other highly priced experiences.

B Keely and Janeen go to a nightclub together to have fun and dance, and neither of them has a good time because nobody asks them to dance.

C Britni, who has earned a Master’s degree, feels that she is better than her sister, Alicia, who never graduated from college.

D Phil has been jealous of his colleague Cornelius for several months because Cornelius got a larger pay raise than Phil.

Question #95

Which part of the brain was referred to by Aristotle as the “little brain?”

A the corpus callosum

B the reticular activating system

C the hypothalmus

D the cerebellum

Question #96

Randy has a box of Smarties candies. Randy leaves the room, and while he is away, Michelle plays a trick on him. She removes the Smarties and replaces them with rocks. Their son, Zeven, notices this, and starts laughing knowing that his Dad, Randy, will be tricked! Zeven has mastered:

A secure attachment