Final Exam

A  heart disease from smoking cigarettes

B  farsightedness from a stiffening lens

C  a decrease in the maximum heart rate

D  lack of menstruation after menopause

A  promotes understanding of social and ethical issues involving death.

B  is associated with increased death anxiety.

C  is inappropriate for school-age children.

D  is primarily geared toward medical professionals.

A  brought on by a cessation of brain functioning.

B  usually quick and painless.

C  characterized by a loss of heartbeat and respiration.

D  a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person.

A  decreases with age.

B  increases with age.

C  peaks in early adulthood.

D  is unknown.

A  is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.

B  often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.

C  interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

D  informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.

A  All U.S. states have laws that honor patients’ wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment, but no uniform right-to-die policy exists.

B  No U.S. states have laws that honor patients’ wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment in cases of a persistent vegetative state.

C  The Quinlan and Schiavo cases created federal right-to-die legislation.

D  The right to die was of greater concern before the 1950s because vaccinations had not yet eradicated many terminal illnesses.

A  falls; cardiovascular disease

B  falls; motor vehicle collisions

C  cancer; cardiovascular disease

D  motor vehicle collisions; cancer

A  Cerebrovascular dementia

B  Alzheimer’s disease

C  Parkinson’s disease

D  Subcortical dementia

A  select attractive-looking options.

B  use practical problem-solving strategies.

C  make decisions based on emotion.

D  consult with other people.

A  Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

B  “Taking it easy” is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.

C  About 70 percent of U.S. elders participate in regular exercise.

D  As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.

A  executives and salaried employees only.

B  workers at all occupational levels.

C  women but tends to decrease for men.

D  high-income workers only.

A  the production of estrogen drops.

B  the production of estrogen increases.

C  menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

D  monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.

A  greater death anxiety.

B  less reminiscence.

C  higher SES.

D  better physical health.

A  role confusion.

B  guilt and shame.

C  selflessness.

D  self-indulgence.

A  increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP.

B  increased cohabitation among older adults.

C  improved medical care and increased economic security among elders.

D  more negative cultural attitudes toward elder suicide.

A  with the realization that the integrity of one’s own life is part of an extended chain of human existence.

B  when elders have the capacity to view their own lives in the larger context of all humanity.

C  when elders attempt to adapt to the mix of triumphs and disappointments that are an inevitable part of life.

D  when elders feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

A  are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites that surround a communal space.

B  provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.

C  are federally subsidized units for low-income elders.

D  offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.

A  Occupational prestige and high income

B  Extroversion and neuroticism

C  Gratifying social ties

D  Employment and gender identity

A  Parenting is the primary means of realizing generativity and, therefore, childless middle-aged adults become stagnant.

B  Generativity is motivated by the sense that one’s days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues.

C  A culture’s “belief in the species” is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.

D  Adults can be generative in parenting or other family relationships, but not in the workplace or community.

A  bargain with the dying person when he or she is in denial, as this facilitates acceptance.

B  make decisions about medical interventions for the dying person until he or she reaches acceptance.

C  be understanding about the dying person’s denial and agree that his or her condition is not terminal.

D  not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person’s condition.

A  high blood pressure from prolonged stress

B  lung cancer from smoking cigarettes

C  weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle

D  blurred vision from macular degeneration

A  view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.

B  tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

C  realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.

D  do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.

A  Wisdom does not predict physical or psychological well-being.

B  People in human-service careers have low wisdom scores.

C  A small number of adults of diverse ages rank among the wise.

D  Older adults are wiser than younger adults.

A  loneliness

B  family conflict

C  constructing a split dream

D  a marital breakup

A  generally choose friends who share those values.

B  often rebel against their parents in early adolescence.

C  almost always come from affluent families.

D  often feel excessive pressure to get good grades.

A  focus more on child rearing than on career development.

B  emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.

C  feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.

D  experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

A  that life is random.

B  of their own vulnerability.

C  of spiritual connections.

D  that their sense of security is threatened.

A  The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

B  Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.

C  There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.

D  The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

A  emergency room treatment.

B  home care or an inpatient setting with a homelike atmosphere.

C  care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms, such as nausea and insomnia.

D  life-saving measures such as respirators.

A  Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity

B  Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity

C  Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

D  Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity

A  may help her live a longer life.

B  suggests that she is in denial.

C  is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

D  is an example of stereotype threat.

A  a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

B  a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.

C  any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

D  a neurological growth period for the fetus.

A  reversibility.

B  an inability to conserve.

C  animistic thinking.

D  magical thinking.

A  the dynamic systems approach

B  the zone of proximal development

C  scaffolding

D  transitive inference

A  using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.

B  a repetitive communication style.

C  thinking about thought.

D  using scripts to tell stories.

A  the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby’s needs.

B  the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

C  hunger is consistently satisfied.

D  toddlers are successfully toilet trained.

A  separation anxiety.

B  goodness of fit.

C  stranger anxiety.

D  social referencing.

A  because they feel empathy-based guilt.

B  by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

C  largely through operant conditioning.

D  because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.

A  caused by serious hormonal imbalances and predicts

B  both a cause and consequence of

C  more important than nutrition in predicting

D  unrelated to

A  concrete operational

B  sensorimotor

C  preoperational

D  formal operational

A  the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

B  unconscious motives and drives.

C  nature over nurture.

D  changes in thinking.

A  maturation

B  cognition

C  modeling

D  equilibrium

A  operant conditioning

B  psychoanalytic

C  classical conditioning

D  observational learning

A  natural selection and survival of the fittest.

B  clinical case studies.

C  stimuli and responses.

D  unconscious impulses and drives.

A  individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous.

B  development is static and stable.

C  events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course.

D  development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.