Final Exam

A  lack of menstruation after menopause

B  heart disease from smoking cigarettes

C  farsightedness from a stiffening lens

D  a decrease in the maximum heart rate

A  promotes understanding of social and ethical issues involving death.

B  is inappropriate for school-age children.

C  is associated with increased death anxiety.

D  is primarily geared toward medical professionals.

A  characterized by a loss of heartbeat and respiration.

B  brought on by a cessation of brain functioning.

C  usually quick and painless.

D  a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person.

A  increases with age.

B  peaks in early adulthood.

C  decreases with age.

D  is unknown.

A  informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.

B  interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

C  often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.

D  is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.

A  No U.S. states have laws that honor patients’ wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment in cases of a persistent vegetative state.

B  The right to die was of greater concern before the 1950s because vaccinations had not yet eradicated many terminal illnesses.

C  All U.S. states have laws that honor patients’ wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment, but no uniform right-to-die policy exists.

D  The Quinlan and Schiavo cases created federal right-to-die legislation.

A  cancer; cardiovascular disease

B  falls; motor vehicle collisions

C  falls; cardiovascular disease

D  motor vehicle collisions; cancer

A  Alzheimer’s disease

B  Cerebrovascular dementia

C  Parkinson’s disease

D  Subcortical dementia

A  make decisions based on emotion.

B  consult with other people.

C  use practical problem-solving strategies.

D  select attractive-looking options.

A  As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.

B  “Taking it easy” is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.

C  About 70 percent of U.S. elders participate in regular exercise.

D  Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

A  women but tends to decrease for men.

B  high-income workers only.

C  workers at all occupational levels.

D  executives and salaried employees only.

A  the production of estrogen increases.

B  the production of estrogen drops.

C  menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

D  monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.

A  greater death anxiety.

B  less reminiscence.

C  better physical health.

D  higher SES.

A  guilt and shame.

B  selflessness.

C  role confusion.

D  self-indulgence.

A  more negative cultural attitudes toward elder suicide.

B  improved medical care and increased economic security among elders.

C  increased cohabitation among older adults.

D  increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP.

A  when elders attempt to adapt to the mix of triumphs and disappointments that are an inevitable part of life.

B  with the realization that the integrity of one’s own life is part of an extended chain of human existence.

C  when elders have the capacity to view their own lives in the larger context of all humanity.

D  when elders feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

A  are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites that surround a communal space.

B  provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.

C  offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.

D  are federally subsidized units for low-income elders.

A  Occupational prestige and high income

B  Gratifying social ties

C  Extroversion and neuroticism

D  Employment and gender identity

A  Adults can be generative in parenting or other family relationships, but not in the workplace or community.

B  Parenting is the primary means of realizing generativity and, therefore, childless middle-aged adults become stagnant.

C  Generativity is motivated by the sense that one’s days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues.

D  A culture’s “belief in the species” is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.

A  bargain with the dying person when he or she is in denial, as this facilitates acceptance.

B  make decisions about medical interventions for the dying person until he or she reaches acceptance.

C  be understanding about the dying person’s denial and agree that his or her condition is not terminal.

D  not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person’s condition.

A  blurred vision from macular degeneration

B  weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle

C  lung cancer from smoking cigarettes

D  high blood pressure from prolonged stress

A  realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.

B  view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.

C  do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.

D  tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

A  A small number of adults of diverse ages rank among the wise.

B  People in human-service careers have low wisdom scores.

C  Older adults are wiser than younger adults.

D  Wisdom does not predict physical or psychological well-being.

A  loneliness

B  family conflict

C  constructing a split dream

D  a marital breakup

A  almost always come from affluent families.

B  often rebel against their parents in early adolescence.

C  often feel excessive pressure to get good grades.

D  generally choose friends who share those values.

A  feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.

B  experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

C  emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.

D  focus more on child rearing than on career development.

A  that their sense of security is threatened.

B  of their own vulnerability.

C  of spiritual connections.

D  that life is random.

A  Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.

B  There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.

C  The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

D  The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

A  life-saving measures such as respirators.

B  emergency room treatment.

C  home care or an inpatient setting with a homelike atmosphere.

D  care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms, such as nausea and insomnia.

A  Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

B  Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity

C  Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity

D  Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity

A  is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

B  suggests that she is in denial.

C  is an example of stereotype threat.

D  may help her live a longer life.

A  any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

B  a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

C  a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.

D  a neurological growth period for the fetus.

A  magical thinking.

B  an inability to conserve.

C  reversibility.

D  animistic thinking.

A  scaffolding

B  the zone of proximal development

C  transitive inference

D  the dynamic systems approach

A  using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.

B  thinking about thought.

C  using scripts to tell stories.

D  a repetitive communication style.

A  the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

B  the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby’s needs.

C  hunger is consistently satisfied.

D  toddlers are successfully toilet trained.

A  social referencing.

B  stranger anxiety.

C  goodness of fit.

D  separation anxiety.

A  because they feel empathy-based guilt.

B  because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.

C  by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

D  largely through operant conditioning.

A  both a cause and consequence of

B  caused by serious hormonal imbalances and predicts

C  more important than nutrition in predicting

D  unrelated to

A  formal operational

B  sensorimotor

C  preoperational

D  concrete operational

A  the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

B  nature over nurture.

C  changes in thinking.

D  unconscious motives and drives.

A  modeling

B  equilibrium

C  cognition

D  maturation

A  operant conditioning

B  classical conditioning

C  psychoanalytic

D  observational learning

A  unconscious impulses and drives.

B  natural selection and survival of the fittest.

C  clinical case studies.

D  stimuli and responses.

A  events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course.

B  development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

C  individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous.

D  development is static and stable.