Final Exam

A  farsightedness from a stiffening lens

B  a decrease in the maximum heart rate

C  heart disease from smoking cigarettes

D  lack of menstruation after menopause

A  is inappropriate for school-age children.

B  is primarily geared toward medical professionals.

C  promotes understanding of social and ethical issues involving death.

D  is associated with increased death anxiety.

A  usually quick and painless.

B  characterized by a loss of heartbeat and respiration.

C  brought on by a cessation of brain functioning.

D  a process in which organs stop functioning in a sequence that varies from person to person.

A  increases with age.

B  peaks in early adulthood.

C  is unknown.

D  decreases with age.

A  informs parents of the changing needs and expectations of their children, signaling that adjustments in the parent-child relationship are necessary.

B  is associated with a rise in antisocial behavior, particularly for older adolescents.

C  interferes with adolescent autonomy and identity development and predicts long-term adjustment problems.

D  often escalates into intense parent-child disagreements and a sharp rise in sibling rivalry.

A  All U.S. states have laws that honor patients’ wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment, but no uniform right-to-die policy exists.

B  No U.S. states have laws that honor patients’ wishes concerning withdrawal of treatment in cases of a persistent vegetative state.

C  The right to die was of greater concern before the 1950s because vaccinations had not yet eradicated many terminal illnesses.

D  The Quinlan and Schiavo cases created federal right-to-die legislation.

A  falls; cardiovascular disease

B  cancer; cardiovascular disease

C  motor vehicle collisions; cancer

D  falls; motor vehicle collisions

A  Alzheimer’s disease

B  Parkinson’s disease

C  Cerebrovascular dementia

D  Subcortical dementia

A  make decisions based on emotion.

B  select attractive-looking options.

C  use practical problem-solving strategies.

D  consult with other people.

A  “Taking it easy” is the best treatment for many chronic diseases.

B  About 70 percent of U.S. elders participate in regular exercise.

C  Physically active seniors are at high risk for injury.

D  As many as 75 percent of elderly men and 80 percent of elderly women are not active enough.

A  women but tends to decrease for men.

B  executives and salaried employees only.

C  high-income workers only.

D  workers at all occupational levels.

A  monthly cycles gradually increase in length until menstruation stops altogether.

B  the production of estrogen drops.

C  the production of estrogen increases.

D  menstrual cycles become irregular and the reproductive organs increase in size.

A  greater death anxiety.

B  higher SES.

C  better physical health.

D  less reminiscence.

A  role confusion.

B  self-indulgence.

C  guilt and shame.

D  selflessness.

A  more negative cultural attitudes toward elder suicide.

B  increased prevention efforts sponsored by the AARP.

C  improved medical care and increased economic security among elders.

D  increased cohabitation among older adults.

A  with the realization that the integrity of one’s own life is part of an extended chain of human existence.

B  when elders attempt to adapt to the mix of triumphs and disappointments that are an inevitable part of life.

C  when elders feel they have made many wrong decisions, yet time is too short to find an alternate route to integrity.

D  when elders have the capacity to view their own lives in the larger context of all humanity.

A  offer a range of housing alternatives, from independent or congregate housing to full nursing home care.

B  are limited to ten or fewer residents, who live in private bedroom-bathroom suites that surround a communal space.

C  provide a hospital-like setting with extreme restrictions on autonomy and social integration.

D  are federally subsidized units for low-income elders.

A  Extroversion and neuroticism

B  Gratifying social ties

C  Occupational prestige and high income

D  Employment and gender identity

A  Adults can be generative in parenting or other family relationships, but not in the workplace or community.

B  Generativity is motivated by the sense that one’s days are numbered and the sense of quiet desperation that ensues.

C  A culture’s “belief in the species” is a major motivator of generative action, according to Erikson.

D  Parenting is the primary means of realizing generativity and, therefore, childless middle-aged adults become stagnant.

A  bargain with the dying person when he or she is in denial, as this facilitates acceptance.

B  not prolong denial by distorting the truth about the person’s condition.

C  be understanding about the dying person’s denial and agree that his or her condition is not terminal.

D  make decisions about medical interventions for the dying person until he or she reaches acceptance.

A  blurred vision from macular degeneration

B  high blood pressure from prolonged stress

C  lung cancer from smoking cigarettes

D  weight gain from a sedentary lifestyle

A  tend to place greater weight on caring than on justice-based reasoning.

B  do not believe in a common justice morality and, thus, act less prosocially than lower-stage adolescents.

C  realize that behaving in line with their beliefs is vital for creating and maintaining a just social world.

D  view moral understanding as merely academic and unrelated to moral action.

A  A small number of adults of diverse ages rank among the wise.

B  Older adults are wiser than younger adults.

C  People in human-service careers have low wisdom scores.

D  Wisdom does not predict physical or psychological well-being.

A  constructing a split dream

B  loneliness

C  family conflict

D  a marital breakup

A  generally choose friends who share those values.

B  often rebel against their parents in early adolescence.

C  almost always come from affluent families.

D  often feel excessive pressure to get good grades.

A  experience life-threatening health episodes-if not in themselves, then in their partners and friends.

B  feel physically stronger and more robust than in early adulthood.

C  emphasize hoped-for-gains rather than feared declines.

D  focus more on child rearing than on career development.

A  that their sense of security is threatened.

B  of their own vulnerability.

C  that life is random.

D  of spiritual connections.

A  The health of individuals with limited education steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

B  Economically advantaged individuals sustain better health over most of their adult lives.

C  The health of lower-income individuals steadily improves throughout the lifespan.

D  There is no relationship between educational attainment and health.

A  life-saving measures such as respirators.

B  emergency room treatment.

C  care aimed at relieving pain and other symptoms, such as nausea and insomnia.

D  home care or an inpatient setting with a homelike atmosphere.

A  Maria, a girl who has a strong feminine gender identity

B  Gordon, a boy who has a strong feminine gender identity

C  Luis, a boy who has a strong masculine gender identity

D  Gabriella, a girl who has an androgynous gender identity

A  is an example of stereotype threat.

B  may help her live a longer life.

C  suggests that she is in denial.

D  is consistent with the prevailing Western stereotype of late adulthood.

A  any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period.

B  a limited time span during which a part of the body is biologically prepared to develop rapidly.

C  a neurological growth period for the fetus.

D  a synthetic hormone used to prevent miscarriage.

A  reversibility.

B  an inability to conserve.

C  magical thinking.

D  animistic thinking.

A  transitive inference

B  the zone of proximal development

C  scaffolding

D  the dynamic systems approach

A  a repetitive communication style.

B  using deliberate mental activities that improve recall.

C  thinking about thought.

D  using scripts to tell stories.

A  hunger is consistently satisfied.

B  the balance of care is sympathetic and loving.

C  the parents are perfectly in tune with their baby’s needs.

D  toddlers are successfully toilet trained.

A  goodness of fit.

B  social referencing.

C  separation anxiety.

D  stranger anxiety.

A  largely through operant conditioning.

B  by observing and imitating people who demonstrate appropriate behavior.

C  because they feel empathy-based guilt.

D  because prosocial acts often occur spontaneously and then are positively reinforced.

A  unrelated to

B  more important than nutrition in predicting

C  both a cause and consequence of

D  caused by serious hormonal imbalances and predicts

A  concrete operational

B  formal operational

C  sensorimotor

D  preoperational

A  the effects of punishment and reinforcement on behavior.

B  nature over nurture.

C  changes in thinking.

D  unconscious motives and drives.

A  equilibrium

B  modeling

C  maturation

D  cognition

A  observational learning

B  classical conditioning

C  psychoanalytic

D  operant conditioning

A  stimuli and responses.

B  unconscious impulses and drives.

C  clinical case studies.

D  natural selection and survival of the fittest.

A  development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.

B  development is static and stable.

C  events that occur during infancy and early childhood have the strongest impact on the life course.

D  individual development is continuous, rather than discontinuous.