Chapter 10 & 11 Quiz

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Question #1

Which of the following is true of single-case designs?

A Early interest in single-case designs in psychology came from research on classical conditioning.

B The procedures for use with a single subject cannot be replicated with other subjects.

C The results are presented as group data with overall means.

D Complex statistical analyses are not required.

Question #2

Which of the following is true of interactions?

A Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design.

B An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.

C When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.

D The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use.

Question #3

Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable?

A An experiment with only two levels of one independent variable always tends to show that there is a positive relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

B A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

C When there are only two levels of an independent variable, the relationship between the independent and dependent variables cannot be described with a straight line.

D An experimental design with only two levels of the independent variable can only detect curvilinear relationships between the independent and dependent variables.

Question #4

When asked if he would like to have some fruits along with his breakfast, Milo declines. He then attends an all-day presentation on the nutritional benefits of eating fruits. At the end of the presentation, Milo is again offered some fruits to eat and he accepts. What effect may be responsible for the change in Milo’s response?

A Maturation

B Testing

C Regression toward the mean

D History

Question #5

To examine how a reward influences a desired behavior, a mother first counts the number of times her son makes his bed over a two-week period. For the next two weeks, she gives him a reward every time he makes his bed. Following this period, she stops rewarding him and again counts the number of times he makes his bed. This procedure would be an example of a(n) _____ design.

A control series

B baseline treatment

C ABA

D pretest-posttest

Question #6

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.

A mixed factorial

B repeated measures

C independent groups

D within subjects

Question #7

The simplest factorial design is that which has:

A 6 conditions and 3 possible main effects.

B two independent variables with two levels each.

C one independent variable with three levels.

D 4 possible interactions and 8 conditions.

Question #8

The serious flaw associated with the nonequivalent control group design is that ____ occur.

A participant dropouts

B data variances

C maturation effects

D selection differences

Question #9

Sophia finds that her son Alex enjoys lemon candy. Sophia encourages Alex when he displays courteous behavior at home. She then starts reinforces this behavior at school, relatives’ homes, and church. What type of single-case design does Sophia employ?

A Across behaviors ABA design

B Across subjects multiple-baseline design

C Across situations multiple-baseline design

D Across subjects ABA design

Question #10

Ronan goes to several elementary schools where he tests students who are in the first grade, third grade, and sixth grade to examine the effect of age on a reasoning ability task. In his research, Ronan has used a _____ method.

A time analysis

B cross-sectional

C sequential

D longitudinal

Question #11

Professor Aaron finds that when he smiles and makes eye contact with Jeanne, she becomes more responsive to his questions. He tries the same behavior on David, Chris, and B.J. and finds that it also influences their responses to his questions. What type of single-case design did Professor Aaron employ?

A Across behaviors multiple-baseline design

B Across situations ABA design

C Across subjects multiple-baseline design

D Across subjects ABA design

Question #12

Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates:

A a main effect of gender.

B a main effect of authorship.

C a main effect of quality.

D an interaction between gender and authorship.

Question #13

In order to study personality development, a researcher studies the same individuals at 7, 14, 21, and 30 years of age. In this case, the researcher is using the _____ method.

A cross-sectional

B time analysis

C longitudinal

D sequential

Question #14

In an ABAB reversal design, the second “B” period is necessary to rule out:

A carry-over effects.

B baseline changes.

C correlational variables.

D chance fluctuations.

Question #15

In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:

A three main effects.

B two interactions.

C one main effect and an interaction.

D two main effects and an interaction.

Question #16

In a study with a 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design, it can be inferred that there are:

A four variables, each with two levels.

B two variables, each with two levels.

C two independent variables and two dependent variables.

D sixteen independent variables and four dependent variables.

Question #17

In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?

A 2

B 3

C 6

D 9

Question #18

In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.

A dependent

B independent

C correlated

D situational

Question #19

If a researcher believes that a nonmonotonic relationship may exist between two variables, he or she would need to:

A manipulate two or more independent variables.

B include more than two levels of the independent variable.

C measure more than one dependent variable.

D have a stronger manipulation of the dependent variable.

Question #20

From an ethical viewpoint, the ABAB design is preferred over the ABA design because:

A the ABAB design more powerfully rules out chance fluctuations and coincidental events.

B it does not seem right to end the design with the withdrawal of a treatment that may be beneficial to the participant.

C a single reversal, in most cases, tends to be an extremely powerful evidence for the effectiveness of the treatment.

D the ABAB design is less expensive and less time-consuming.

Question #21

Events that occur between the first and second measurement period but are not part of the manipulation are called _____ effects.

A testing

B cohort

C history

D maturation

Question #22

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study.

A Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise

B Energy condition

C Depression

D Participants’ interest in exercise and health conditions

Question #23

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:

A a main effect of outcome.

B a main effect of responsibility.

C an interaction between gender and outcome.

D an interaction between gender and responsibility.

Question #24

Dr. Jayden is studying the effect of exercise on cholesterol level. He first measures his patients’ cholesterol level before recommending an exercise program and after one month of participating in an exercise program, he measures their cholesterol level again. What type of research design has Dr. Jayden employed?

A One group pretest-posttest design

B Between groups design

C Missing control group design

D One-shot case study

Question #25

Developmental psychologists often study the ways that individuals change as a function of _____.

A experience

B culture

C age

D growth

Question #26

An IV x PV design allows:

A a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.

B the manipulation of a participant variable.

C the measurement of the participant variable.

D a researcher to exclude subject variables or attribute variables from the study.

Question #27

An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a _____ design.

A IV x PV factorial

B 2 x 5 independent groups factorial

C two-group pretest-posttest

D 2 x 5 mixed factorial

Question #28

A way to improve the interrupted time series design is to use a _____ design.

A control series

B reversal series

C multiple baseline

D single-case

Question #29

A researcher studies one group of children when they are 3, 6, and 9 years old and another group of children when they are 9, 12, and 15 years old. In the context of developmental research designs, the researcher has used the _____ method.

A multiple baseline

B control series

C sequential

D panel study

Question #30

A researcher states that “anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants’ motivation levels.” This means that there is a(n)_____.

A main effect of anxiety

B error in the study

C main effect of motivation

D interaction between anxiety and motivation

Question #31

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: method of presenting material (visual, auditory); difficulty level (easy, difficult); and amount of material (low, moderate, high). For a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants would the researcher need?

A 60

B 120

C 70

D 80

Question #32

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.

A 3 x 2

B 3 x 2 x 2

C 2 x 2 x 2

D 3 x 2 x 3

Question #33

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.

A 8

B 1

C 3

D 2

Question #34

A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.

A independent groups

B repeated measures

C within-subjects

D mixed factorial

Question #35

A researcher asks students to record in a journal the emotions they experience every hour. She finds that over time, the descriptions become shorter and less detailed. What may be responsible for this change in performance?

A Cohort effect

B Instrument decay

C Regression toward the mean

D Selection bias

Question #36

A factorial design involves:

A specifying the overall effect of a dependent variable.

B using one independent variable or factor.

C having multiple dependent measures.

D manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment.

Question #37

A 4 x 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.

A 5

B 4

C 9

D 20

Question #38

_____ in quasi-experimental designs is more difficult than in true experiments because quasi-experimental designs lack the important features of true experiments such as random assignment to conditions.

A Causal inference

B Propensity score matching

C Construct validity

D Statistical regression

Question #39

_____ designs address the need to study the effect of an independent variable in settings in which the control features of true experimental designs cannot be achieved.

A Single-case experimental

B Quasi-experimental

C Interrupted time series

D Multiple baseline

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Chapter 10 & 11 Quiz

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