Review Materials

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Question #1

A positivist social science principle that social research should be conducted in an objective manner based on empirical evidence alone and without interference from moral-political values

A Reification

B Social theory

C Value-free science

D Ideal type

Question #2

A principle used in interpretive social science that no single point of view or value position is better than others, and all are equally valid for those who hold them

A Empirical generalization

B Social theory

C Relativism

D Praxis

Question #3

An informal model or scheme people use in everyday life to categorize and organize the flow of the events and situation that they can experience; often part of common knowledge or common sense, it simplifies and helps to organize the complexity and flow of life

A Dialectic

B Macro-level theory

C Units of analysis

D Typification

Question #4

An orientation toward social reality that assumes the beliefs and meaning that people create and use fundamentally shape what reality is for them

A Parsimony

B Constructionist orientation

C Micro-level theory

D Causal laws

Question #5

A word from German that means empathetic understanding and that is a primary goal for social research according to interpretative social science

A Causal explanation

B Negative relationship

C Verstehen

D Descriptive research

Question #6

A general organizing framework for theory and research that includes basic assumptions, key issues, models of quality research, and methods for seeking answers

A Hypothesis

B Cross-sectional research

C Paradigm

D Positive relationship

Question #7

An idea used in critical social science referring to when people become detached from and lose sight of their connection to their own creations and treat them as being alien, external force

A Proposition

B Content analysis

C Reification

D Grounded theory

Question #8

A way to evaluate explanations in critical social science by putting theoretical explanations into real-life practice and the subsequent outcome is used to refine explanation

A Typology

B Cohort study

C Association

D Praxis

Question #9

A change process emphasized in critical social science in which social relationships contain irresolvable inner contradictions; over time they will trigger a dramatic upset and a total restructuring of the relationship

A Dialectic

B Case-study Research

C Assumptions

D Ideology

Question #10

General cause-effect rules used in causal explanations of social theory and whose discovery is a primary objective of positivist social science

A Value-free science

B Units of analysis

C Causal laws

D Basic Research

Question #11

An area of philosophy concerned with the creation of knowledge; focuses on how we know what we know or what are the most valid ways to reach truth

A Epistemology

B Level of abstraction

C Relativism

D Applied Research

Question #12

An area of philosophy that deals with the nature of being, or what exists; the area of philosophy that asks what really is and what the fundamental categories of reality are

A Action Research

B Ontology

C Deductive direction

D Typification

Question #13

Social theory focusing on the relations, processes and structures at a midlevel of social life

A Selective observation

B Constructionist orientation

C Inductive direction

D Meso-level theory

Question #14

Social theory focusing on the macro level of social life

A Scholarly journal article

B Verstehen

C Macro-level theory

D Empirical generalization

Question #15

Social theory focusing on the micro level of social life that occurs over short durations

A Social theory

B Ideal type

C Paradigm

D Micro-level theory

Question #16

An association between two concepts or measures so that as on increases, the other decreases, or when one is present, the other is absent

A Empirical generalization

B Negative relationship

C Social theory

D Reification

Question #17

An association between two concepts or measures so that as one increased, the other also increases, to when is present, the other is also present

A Positive relationship

B Praxis

C Scientific community

D Ideal type

Question #18

A type of inductive social theory often used in qualitative research that builds toward abstract theory, often by making comparisons of empirical observations

A Grounded theory

B Dialectic

C Parsimony

D Overgeneralization

Question #19

A theorized classification or quasi-theory that is created by cross-classifying or combining two or more simple concepts tot form a set of interrelated subtypes

A Causal explanation

B Premature closure

C Typology

D Causal laws

Question #20

A nonscientific quasi-theory, often based on political values or faith with assumptions, concepts, relationships among concepts, and explanations. It is a closed system that resists change, cannot be directly falsified with empirical data and makes normative claims

A Epistemology

B Pseudoscience

C Ideology

D Hypothesis

Question #21

The units, cases or parts of social life that are under consideration. They are key to developing concepts, empirically measuring or observing concepts, and using data analysis

A Units of analysis

B Junk science

C Proposition

D Ontology

Question #22

A characteristics of a concept that ranges of empirical and concrete, often easily observable in daily experience, to very abstract, unseen mental creations

A Halo effect

B Association

C Level of abstraction

D Meso-level theory

Question #23

An approach to developing or confirming a theory that begins with abstract concepts and theoretical relationships and works toward more concrete empirical evidence

A Assumptions

B Deductive direction

C False Consensus

D Cost-benefit analysis

Question #24

An approach to developing or confirming a theory that begins with concrete empirical evidence and works toward more abstract concepts and theoretical relationships

A Substantive theory

B Inductive direction

C Empirical

D Descriptive research

Question #25

A narrow, quasi-theoretical statement that expresses empirical patterns or describes empirical regularities using concepts that are not very abstract

A Formal theory

B Cross-sectional research

C Data

D Empirical generalization

Question #26

A type of concept classification that presents a pure, abstract model of an event, process or idea. It is used in building social theory and in the analysis of data

A Content analysis

B historical comparative research

C Blind Review

D Ideal type

Question #27

The idea that simple is better; everything else being equal, a social theory that explains more with less complexity is better

A Experimental research

B Proposition

C Cohort study

D Parsimony

Question #28

A type of theoretical explanation about why events occur and how things work expressed in terms of causes and effects or as one factor producing certain results

A Case-study Research

B Association

C Panel study

D Causal explanation

Question #29

An empirically testable version of a theoretical proposition that has not yet been tested or verified with empirical evidence. It is most used in deductive theorizing and can be restated as a prediction

A Hypothesis

B Basic Research

C Time-series research

D Assumptions

Question #30

A theoretical statement about the relationship between two or more concepts

A Substantive theory

B Longitudinal research

C Applied Research

D Proposition

Question #31

The co-occurence of two events, characteristics, or factors so that when one happens or is present, the other one is likely to happen or be present as well

A Formal theory

B Action Research

C Association

D Explanatory research

Question #32

An untested starting point or belief in a theory that is necessary in order to build a theoretical explanation

A historical comparative research

B Selective observation

C Exploratory research

D Assumptions

Question #33

A type of theory that is specifically tailored to a particular topic area

A Substantive theory

B Field research

C Scholarly journal article

D Commissioned research

Question #34

A type of theory that is general and applies across many specific topic areas

A Reflexive knowledge

B Cost-benefit analysis

C Existing statistics research

D Formal theory

Question #35

Qualitative research in which the researcher examines data on events and conditions in the historical past and/or in different societies

A historical comparative research

B Instrumental knowledge

C Descriptive research

D Nonreactive research

Question #36

Qualitative research in which the researcher directly observes and records notes on people in a natural setting for an extended period of time

A Field research

B Cross-sectional research

C Needs assessment

D Survey research

Question #37

Research in which one reexamines and statistically analyzes quantitative data that have been gathered by government agencies or other organizations

A Content analysis

B Value-free science

C Existing statistics research

D Social impact assessment

Question #38

Research methods in which people are not aware of being studied

A Macro-level theory

B Cohort study

C Nonreactive research

D Relativism

Question #39

Quantitative research in which the researcher systematically asks a large number of people the same questions and then records their answers

A Micro-level theory

B Typification

C Case-study Research

D Survey research

Question #40

Research in which the researcher manipulates conditions for some research participants but not others and then compares group responses to see whether doing so made a difference

A Negative relationship

B Experimental research

C Constructionist orientation

D Basic Research

Question #41

Longitudinal research in which information is about the identical cases or people in each of several times

A Applied Research

B Panel study

C Verstehen

D Positive relationship

Question #42

Longitudinal research in which information can be about different cases or people in each of several time periods

A Grounded theory

B Paradigm

C Time-series research

D Action Research

Question #43

Any research that examines information from many units or cases across more than one point in time

A Selective observation

B Longitudinal research

C Typology

D Reification

Question #44

Research whose primary purpose is to explain why events occur and to build elaborate, extend or test theory

A Explanatory research

B Praxis

C Scholarly journal article

D Ideology

Question #45

Research whose primary purpose is to examine a little understood issue or phenomenon and to develop preliminary ideas about it and move toward refined research questions

A Units of analysis

B Exploratory research

C Dialectic

D Social theory

Question #46

Research funded and conducted at the behest of someone other than the researcher; the person conducting the study often has limited control over the research question, methods of a study, and presentation of results

A Scientific community

B Commissioned research

C Level of abstraction

D Causal laws

Question #47

Knowledge used to broadly examine the assumptions, context, and moral-value positions of basic or applied social research, including the research process itself and the implications of what is learned

A Deductive direction

B Overgeneralization

C Epistemology

D Reflexive knowledge

Question #48

Knowledge narrowly focused to answer a basic or applied research question, issue or concern with an outcome or task-oriented orientation

A Inductive direction

B Premature closure

C Ontology

D Instrumental knowledge

Question #49

An applied research tool that gathers descriptive information about a need, issue or concern, including its magnitude, scope and severity

A Empirical generalization

B Meso-level theory

C Needs assessment

D Pseudoscience

Question #50

Applied research that documents the likely consequences for various areas of social life if a major new change is introduced into a community

A Negative relationship

B Social impact assessment

C Case-study Research

D Social theory

Question #51

Action research in which the research participants actively help design and conduct the research study. It emphasizes democratizing knowledge-creation and engaging in collective actions, and it assumes that political knowledge emerges from participating in research

A Positive relationship

B Participatory action research

C Basic Research

D Scientific community

Question #52

Applied research in which one tried to determine how well a program or policy is working or reaching its goals and objectives

A Evaluation research

B Overgeneralization

C Grounded theory

D Applied Research

Question #53

An applied research tool economists developed in which a monetary value is assigned to the inputs and outcomes of a process and then the researcher examines the balance between them

A Cost-benefit analysis

B Typology

C Premature closure

D Action Research

Question #54

Research in which the primary purpose is to “paint a picture” using words or numbers and to present a profile, a classification of types or an outline of steps to answer questions such as who, when, where, and how

A Descriptive research

B Pseudoscience

C Ideology

D Selective observation

Question #55

Any research that examines information on many cases at one point in time

A Junk science

B Units of analysis

C Cross-sectional research

D Scholarly journal article

Question #56

Research in which the content of a communication medium is systematically recorded and analyzed

A Halo effect

B Level of abstraction

C Substantive theory

D Content analysis

Question #57

Longitudinal research that traces information about a category of cases or people who shared a common experience at one time period across subsequent time periods

A Cohort study

B False Consensus

C Formal theory

D Deductive direction

Question #58

Research that is an in-depth examination of an extensive amount of information about very few units or cases for one period or across multiple periods of time

A historical comparative research

B Inductive direction

C Case-study Research

D Empirical

Question #59

Research designed to advance fundamental knowledge about how the world works and build/test theoretical explanations by focusing on the “why” question. The scientific community is its primary audience.

A Data

B Field research

C Basic Research

D Empirical generalization

Question #60

Research designed to offer practical solutions to a concert problem or address the immediate and specific needs of clinicians or practitioners

A Applied Research

B Ideal type

C Blind Review

D Existing statistics research

Question #61

Applied research in which the primary goal is to facilitate social change or bring about a value-oriented political social goal

A Action Research

B Nonreactive research

C Parsimony

D Commissioned research

Question #62

Process of examination in a way the reinforced preexisting thinking rather than in a neutral and balanced manner

A Survey research

B Selective observation

C Causal explanation

D Reflexive knowledge

Question #63

An article in a specialized publication that has members of the scientific community as its primary audience a means to disseminate new ideas and findings within the scientific community

A Scholarly journal article

B Hypothesis

C Instrumental knowledge

D Experimental research

Question #64

A system of interconnected ideas that condenses and organizes the knowledge about the social world and explains how it works

A Needs assessment

B Proposition

C Panel study

D Social theory

Question #65

A collection of people who share a system of attitudes, beliefs, and rules that sustains the production and advances of scientific knowledge

A Association

B Social impact assessment

C Scientific community

D Time-series research

Question #66

Statement that goes far beyond what can be justified based on the data or emprirical observations that one has

A Participatory action research

B Overgeneralization

C Longitudinal research

D Assumptions

Question #67

Act of making a judgement or reaching a decision and ending an investigation before gathering the amount or depth of evidence required by scientific standards

A Cross-sectional research

B Premature closure

C Evaluation research

D Explanatory research

Question #68

A body of ideas of info clothed in the jargon and outward appearance of science that seeks to win acceptance but not actually created with the systematic rigor/standard of scientific method

A Content analysis

B Exploratory research

C Cost-benefit analysis

D Pseudoscience

Question #69

PR term used to criticize scientific research even if it is conducted properly that produces findings that an advocacy group opposes

A Descriptive research

B Cohort study

C Scholarly journal article

D Junk science

Question #70

using prior reputation of persons, places, or things to color one’s evaluations rather than evaluating all in a neutral, equal manner

A Junk science

B Social theory

C Case-study Research

D Halo effect

Question #71

Tendency to project one’s way of thinking onto other people

A Scientific community

B Halo effect

C False Consensus

D Basic Research

Question #72

Description of what we can observe and experience directly through human senses or indirectly using techniques that extends the senses

A Overgeneralization

B Empirical

C False Consensus

D Applied Research

Question #73

Numerical (QUANTITATIVE) and non numerical (QUALITATIVE) information and evidence that have been carefully gathered according to rules or established procedures

A Data

B Premature closure

C Empirical

D Action Research

Question #74

judging merits of a research report in which the peer researcher doesn’t know the identity of the researcher and vice versa

A Selective observation

B Pseudoscience

C Blind Review

D Data

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