Exam # 1

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Question #1

What marks the true division between the continental margin and deep ocean basin?

A shelf break

B coastline

C abyssal fan

D trenches

E granite-to-basalt transition

Question #2

What is a typical characteristic of passive continental margins?

A broad continental shelf

B trenches

C volcanic activity

D narrow continental shelf

E coincides with plate boundary

Question #3

What type of geologic feature is formed at the intersection of two converging continental plates?

A Subduction zones

B Rifts

C Volcanoes

D Spreading centers

E Mountains

Question #4

Hydrothermal vents typically form chimneys of _____.

A granitic rock

B basaltic rock

C carbonate

D mineral deposits

E sediments

Question #5

You collect a sediment core from a continental rise that shows successive graded beds deposited one on top of another. Each graded bed has coarse material deposited below finer material. This is evidence of:

A subduction

B There is not enough information to tell.

C seasonal production of biogenous ooze

D sea level change

E turbidity current deposits

Question #6

What is the most likely rock to be found in a drill core of a continental margin?

A Carbonate

B Basalt

C Alluvial rock

D Granite

E Shell

Question #7

Which geological processes explains why the ocean floors are so young?

A rift formation

B erosion

C mountain formation

D subduction

E transform faulting

Question #8

The compressional movement of plate boundaries, such as observed at the Juan De Fuca plate, is representative of which type of boundary?

A Convergent

B Transform

C Divergent

D Subduction

E Spreading center

Question #9

Within Earth’s mantle, convection cells move lithospheric plates toward ____ and away from ____.

A subduction zones; continental crust

B spreading centers; subduction zones

C subduction zones; spreading centers

D hot spots; spreading centers

E spreading centers; hot spots

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the oxygen revolution?

A Banded iron formation

B Composition of volcanic gases

C Reduction in UV radiation reaching Earth’s surface

D Fossil stromatolites

E Evolution of respiring organisms

Question #11

Which condition of early Earth would be necessary to allow the process of biosynthesis?

A ozone in the upper atmosphere

B oxygen in the atmosphere

C extreme high temperatures

D oxygen-depleted atmosphere

E aerobic conditions

Question #12

The water for Earth’s ocean originated from ____.

A solar wind

B other planets

C the sun

D volcanic activity and comets

E volcanic activity and other planets

Question #13

As mountains erode, how will isostatic forces cause Earth’s crust beneath the mountain to behave?

A Stay the same

B Rise

C Spread out

D Sink

E Subduct

Question #14

Deep earthquakes typically occur at _____________.

A subduction zones

B transform plate boundaries

C mid-ocean ridges

D spreading centers

E fracture zones

Question #15

Secondary waves (S-waves) are able to pass through which layer of Earth?

A Liquid outer core and solid inner core

B Mantle, liquid outer core, and solid inner core

C Mantle and liquid outer core

D Crust only

E Crust and mantle

Question #16

Which concept describes early Earth as separated into layers by gravity, with each deeper layer denser than the layer above?

A Continental drift

B Tectonic theory

C Density stratification

D Seismic theory

E Centrifugal force

Question #17

How is the surface water above a deep trench in the ocean floor distorted as a result of the trench?

A Downward distortion

B No distortion

C Sideways distortion

D Upward distortion

Question #18

A sound pulse released from an echo sounder returns to the ship in 6.8 seconds. Assuming the speed of sound in ocean water is 4800 ft/sec, how many feet deep is the ocean at this location?

A 353

B 16,320

C 32,640

D There is not enough information to tell

E 706

Question #19

What occurs below the calcium carbonate compensation depth?

A Calcium carbonate begins to dissolve.

B Seawater becomes less acidic.

C Calcium carbonate begins to precipitate into a solid.

D Calcareous oozes start to form

E The rate of calcareous sediment accumulation is greater than the rate of dissolution.

Question #20

Which particle size has the fastest settling velocity in still water?

A clay

B silt

C coarse silt

D coarse sand

E fine sand

Question #21

If someone tells you that they are at 90° latitude, then you know they must be:

A there is not enough information to tell for sure

B in the Arctic Ocean

C opposite the Prime Meridian

D at the International Date Line

E at one of the poles

Question #22

If there is a three hour difference between “clock” noon and “shaft” noon, how many degrees west are you from your point of origin?

A 180°

B 90°

C 45°

D 15°

E 30°

Question #23

Longitude can be found using a protractor and the north polar star.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #24

Longitudinal coordinates must always specify a position north or south of the equator.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #25

Manganese nodules can grow to exceed 1 meter in diameter within about 100 years.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #26

Biological sediments are the most abundant sediments in total volume in the ocean due to the high productivity of organisms along the continental shelf.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #27

The western coast of South America is an example of a passive margin.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #28

Oceanic crust is both thinner and denser than continental lithosphere.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #29

Magma typically rises to the surface at divergent plate boundaries.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #30

Seismic waves provide evidence of Earth’s interior layers.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #31

The total amount of fresh water on Earth makes up only about 2.5% of all the water near the surface of the planet.

A TRUE

B FALSE

Question #32

Unlike today’s atmosphere, Earth’s early atmosphere lacked free oxygen.

A TRUE

B FALSE

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