Final Exam

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Below are the questions for the exam with the choices of answers:

Question #1

According to psychiatrist and concentration camp survivor Dr. Victor Frankl, what is the primary motivation in each individual’s life?

A psychological freedom

B interacting with others

C basic needs

D According to psychiatrist and concentration camp survivor Dr. Victor Frankl, what is the primary motivation in each individual’s life?

Question #2

Living the “Good Life” involves actively avoiding feelings of fear, discouragement, and pain.

A FALSE

B TRUE

Question #3

Chaffee’s primary suggestion for students who are trying to decide on a career is…

A take influence from your idols

B reflect and explore within

C listen to what others have to say about your strengths

D be realistic and limit yourself to considering jobs that are achievable within the context of your life

Question #4

Which of the following options is not a major myth regarding free choice?

A True freedom is achievable by removing all constraints

B Freedom means simply making a choice

C Freedom is limited to choosing from available options

D Freedom means simply doing what you want

Question #5

Please complete the following Chinese proverb: “Success has a thousand fathers, but…

A only you can define what true success means to yourself

B it takes a village to nurture it

C failure is an orphan

D it belongs to only one person

Question #6

Consider the following scenario: You are living at home with parents who insist that going to college is the best option for improving your future; however, you know in your heart that being in school will not help you achieve your desired future. Your ambition is to become a professional vlogger which prompts you to travel and network. Your parents say that if you drop out of school they will kick you out and disown you. In this scenario, Chaffee would define your parents as an example of a(n)…

A Social roadblock

B Internal constraint

C External constraint

D Constraint to freedom

Question #7

According to Chaffee, what is the main reason why people are reluctant to embrace their freedom?

A Confusion

B Responsibility

C Moral and ethical dilemmas

D Peer pressure

Question #8

Chaffee and Carl Rogers suggest that the “good life” is a ____ rather than a state of being. A ___ rather than a destination.

A process, direction

B mindset, vision

C sense, place

D feeling, story

Question #9

The three life principles of human transformation that Chafee focuses on in Thinking Critically are…?

A acting rationally, acting with care, acting with empathy

B being inspired, being creative, being free

C communicating effectively, defining our lenses, solving problems

D thinking critically, living creatively, and choosing freely

Question #10

Which of the following is NOT a question you should ask yourself as you are going through Chaffee’s Critical Thinker’s Guide to Reasoning?

A What is an example of my point of view?

B How will others respond to my point of view?

C How can I define my point of view more clearly?

D What is the origin of my point of view?

Question #11

Today is the last day of the semester. Rest assured, a handful of students will ask me, via email, to increase their grade due to a sad story about a family member, a job, a life circumstance that cannot be proved and has not been mentioned until the 11th hour. Which fallacy of relevance should I point to in order to counter the flawed logic behind their argument?

A Appeal to ignorance

B Red herring

C Post hoc ergo propter hoc

D Appeal to pity

Question #12

What do we call a form of inductive reasoning where a student believes that her softball team’s recent winning streak is due to the fact that she has been wearing her good luck jersey?

A False dilemma

B Empirical generalization

C Post hoc ergo propter hoc

D Sweeping generalization

Question #13

What type of causal fallacy exists when someone presents a causal relationship for which no real evidence exists?

A Post hoc ergo propter hoc

B Questionable cause

C Misidentification of cause

D Slippery slope

Question #14

Consider the following scenario: a mother tells her child that if he doesn’t do his homework, he will get failing grades. Then he will probably drop out of school and be unable to get a job, so he will become homeless. What type of “Causal Fallacy” is this?

A Post hoc ergo propter hoc

B Slippery slope

C Questionable cause

D Questionable cause

Question #15

What do we call a possible explanation that is introduced to account for a set of facts and that can be used as a basis for further investigation?

A Conclusion

B Controlled experiment

C Insight

D Hypothesis

Question #16

Which of the following fallacies of false generalization does the following argument represent? Many people who aspire to be in show business move to Los Angeles to find work. People in show business are often egotistical which leads me to believe that residents of Los Angeles, compared to the rest of the U.S., are vain.

A Hasty generalization

B Bandwagon

C Post hoc ergo propter hoc

D False dilemma

Question #17

The next time you see a commercial in which a good-looking actor endorses a health product, which of the following fallacies should you be able to identify in this scenario?

A Red herring

B Appeal to authority

C Bandwagon

D Post hoc ergo propter hoc

Question #18

What do we call a general statement about an entire group made on the basis of observing some members of the group?

A False dilemma

B Fallacy of relevance

C Empirical generalization

D Causal reasoning

Question #19

Suppose you were with your best friend and you happened to mention that your favorite type of music was classical. However, your best friend convinces you that only losers enjoy classical music. So, you stop listening to it. What type of fallacy of relevance would this?

A Appeal to personal attack

B Bandwagon

C Appeal to ignorance

D Appeal to tradition

Question #20

There is an argument form in which one reasons from premises that are known or assumed to be true to a conclusion that is supported by the premises but does not necessarily follow from them. What do we call this argument form?

A Deductive reasoning

B Inductive reasoning

C Inferential reasoning

D Invalid argument

Question #21

In the Peter Singer article “The Singer Solution to World Poverty,” the author’s solution to world poverty is…

A expanding awareness through demonstrations

B volunteering

C government negotiation

D for people to give away any money that is not being used for necessities

Question #22

In the Robert Coles article “The Disparity Between Intellect and Character,” the author writes about a young woman who is so troubled by the fact that school don’t take major responsibility for the moral values of students that she considers…

A complaining to the Chancellor

B dropping out of school

C taking her life

D dedicating her life to philanthropic work

Question #23

Which of the following is NOT a step in Chaffee’s Thinker’s Guide to Moral Decision Making?

A seek to promote happiness for yourself and others

B accept responsibility for your moral choices

C make morality a priority

D define what makes you happy

Question #24

The moral theory that holds there is no way to determine clearly what is right or wrong in moral situations is known as…

A divine command theory of morality

B psychological theory of morality

C agnostic moral theory

D egoistic moral theory

Question #25

From a critical-thinking perspective, morality makes sense only if we assume that people are able to make ________ ___________ for which they are responsible.

A true objects

B free choices

C good judgments

D limited decisions

Question #26

The little girl next door says that she was taught to never lie because her grandpa says it is wrong. This type of mentality is an example of what moral theory?

A Hedonism

B Authoritarianism

C Altruism

D Pragmatism

Question #27

Given the same situation as described in the previous question, let’s assume that you decide to turn your friend in to the authorities because there is a reward for turning in shoplifters. Your decision would describe what moral theory?

A Hedonist

B Altruistic

C Theistic

D Ethical egoism

Question #28

You and your friend are at the mall. You decide to go into Apple to look at laptops. When you come out of the store, you discover that your friend has stolen a pair of headphones. When faced with the dilemma of telling the authorities or not, you decide not to tell because it makes you happier to be with your friend. Your decision reflects a slightly more refined version of what moral theory?

A Pragmatic

B Altruistic

C Hedonist

D Theistic

Question #29

Along with John Stuart Mill, Jeremy Bentham was the founder of this philosophical belief that is founded on the notion of the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. What is the name of this philosophy?

A Relativism

B Hedonism

C Natural Law

D Utilitarianism

Question #30

In the research study that Chaffee conducted, which of the following was the most popular “moral compass” that young people used to decide what was right or wrong in a particular situation?

A I would do what is best for everyone involved

B I would do whatever made me happy

C I would follow my conscience

D I would follow the advice of an authority

Question #31

Chaffee suggests that one way to improve language is to eliminate the use of vague words. Which of the following does Chaffee consider to be a vague word?

A toxic

B concentrate

C ambiguous

D interesting

Question #32

A dictionary would be an appropriate resource to use to find the ___ meaning of a word.

A denotative

B complex

C pragmatic

D connotative

Question #33

Chaffee suggests that there are ways in which one can develop their ability to use language effectively. One of his suggestions is for people to…

A read widely

B compose speeches

C ask for feedback from peers

D study multiple languages

Question #34

____________ is made up of words, expressions, and technical terms that are intelligible to professional circles or interest groups but not to the general public.

A dialect

B euphemism

C jargon

D slang

Question #35

Often language style is determined by the context, but sometimes speakers who differ from each other in terms of age, sex, or social class also differ from each other in their speech. What is this difference called?

A slang

B dialect

C jargon

D social variation

Question #36

Which meaning of a word expresses the relationship between a linguistic event (speaking or writing) and a nonlinguistic event (an object, idea, or feeling)?

A perceptual meaning

B semantic meaning

C pragmatic meaning

D syntactic meaning

Question #37

What are the three relationships among words that are defined by a syntactic meaning?

A description, semantics, and usage

B description, connection, and usage

C content, description, and connection

D connection, semantics, and meaning

Question #38

What part of a word’s total meaning expresses the relationship between a linguistic event and an individual’s consciousness?

A syntactic meaning

B pragmatic meaning

C perceptual meaning

D semantic meaning

Question #39

Which term derives from a Greek word meaning “to speak with good words” and involves substituting a more pleasant, less objectionable way of saying something for a blunt or more direct way?

A euphemistic

B semanticism

C deontological

D lithological

Question #40

What part of a word’s total meaning defines its relationship to other words in the sentence?

A pragmatic meaning

B perceptual meaning

C syntactic meaning

D semantic meaning

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