Lecture Exam 3 (Ch 9, 10, 11)

A  contact with microorganisms

B  None of the choices are correct.

C  microorganisms colonizing the body

D  pathogens penetrating host defenses

E  contact with pathogens

A  All of the choices are correct.

B  bottle feeding

C  breast feeding

D  the birth process through the birth canal

E  contact with hospital staff

A  False

B  True

A  virulence factors

B  proteins

C  exotoxins

D  toxins that target the intestines

E  All of thechoices are correct.

A  skin

B  urinary system

C  gastrointestinal system

D  genital system

E  respiratory system

A  True

B  False

A  Secretion of slime

B  Production of leukocidins

C  Adhering to the host

D  Secretion of a capsule

E  Ability to survive intracellularly

A    

B  antiphagocytic factors

C  lipopolysaccharides

D  proteins

E  only released after a cell is damaged or lysed

F  secretions that always target nervous tissue

A  Hemolysins – damage red blood cells

B  Capsules – antiphagocytic factor

C  Leukocidins – damage white blood cells

D  Coagulase – dissolve fibrin clots

E  Fimbriae – adherence to substrate

A  noncommunicable

B  polymicrobial

C  zoonotic

D  vector-borne

A  urinary system

B  skin

C  genital system

D  gastrointestinal system

E  respiratory system

A  Margination

B  Adhesion

C  Encapsulation

D  Phagocytosis

E  Exocytosis

A  False

B  True

A  minimal dose

B  indigenous biota

C  virulence factor

D  infectious dose

E  endotoxin

A  fungi

B  protozoans

C  All of the choices are correct.

D  viruses

E  bacteria

A  when an infant gets its first infectious disease

B  during puberty

C  before birth, in utero

D  when a child first goes to school

E  during and immediately after birth

A  True

B  False

A  endogenous

B  axenic

C  exogenous

D  an enterotoxin

E  an exotoxin

A  chronic

B  latent

C  asymptomatic

D  persistent

A  To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota
To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are culturable

B  To determine the role the human microbiota plays in health and disease
To enumerate all of the members of the human microbiota, both those that can be cultured and those that are nonculturable

C  To eradicate thosemembers of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease.
To determine therole the human microbiota plays in health and disease.

D  To eradicate those members of the normal microbiota that may potentially cause disease
To determine antibiotic susceptibility of the most prevalent microorganisms among human microbiota

A  False

B  True

A  True

B  False

A  Causing direct damage through exoenzymes

B  Epigenetic changes

C  Secretion of exotoxins

D  Causing an overreaction of the host immune system

A  Bats are the reservoir and the major source for SARS-CoV-2 in this pandemic.

B  Bats do not represent either the source or the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

C  Bats are the source of most cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

D  Bats are the reservoir for SARS-CoV-2.

A  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target.
The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased.
Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

B  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source
The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased.
A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent.
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

C  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target.
Microbes use the antimicrobial agent as an energy source
A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent.
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

D  The microbe uses an alternative pathway to circumvent the blocked pathway.
An altered target site prevents the antimicrobial agent from binding to its target.
The permeability of the microbial envelope to the antimicrobial agent is decreased.
A microbial enzyme inactivates the antimicrobial agent.
Microbial efflux pumps remove the antimicrobial agent by pumping it out of the cell.

A  Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx

B  Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx, Bacteriophage therapy

C  CRISPR, Methods that directly interfere with cell respiration in bacteria, Interfering with synthesis of bacterial capsules/glycocalyx,

D  CRISPR, Making use of host and bacterial defense peptides, Bacteriophage therapy, RNA interference–directed at bacterial mRNAs

A  cephalosporin

B  erythromycin

C  penicillin

D  vancomycin

E  isoniazid

A  True

B  False

A  They are used to treat viral infections. They are used to treat fungal infections.

B  They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections. They include fluconazole which is used to treat AIDS-related mycoses. They are used to treat fungal infections.

C  They are used to treat viral infections. They include topical medications that can be used to treat cutaneous infections.

A  False

B  True

A  ribosome biosynthesis

B    

C  peptidoglycan biosynthesis

D  None of the choices are correct.

E  nucleic acid biosynthesis

F  folic acid biosynthesis

A  All of the choices are correct.

B  do not cause serious side effects in humans

C  low toxicity for human tissues

D  high toxicity against microbial cells

E  stable and soluble in body tissues and fluids

A  False

B  True

A  antibiotics

B  broad-spectrum drugs

C  synthetic drugs

D  semisynthetic drugs

E  narrow-spectrum drugs

A  Clavulanic acid

B  Synercid

C  Penicillinase

D  Imipenem

E  Aztreonam

A  block folic acid synthesis

B  damage cell membranes

C  block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

D  attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

E  interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

A  False

B  True

A  False

B  True

A  False

B  True

A  True

B  False

A  nephrotoxicity

B  selective toxicity

C  prophylaxis

D  synergism

E  chemotherapy

A  tetracycline

B  erythromycin

C  streptomycin

D  polymyxins

E  gentamycin

A  Macrolide polyenes, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

B  Azoles, Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Echinocandins

C  Beta-lactams, Aminoglycosides, Allylamines, Azoles

D  Allylamines, Azoles, Macrolide polyenes, Echinocandins

A  False

B  True

A  attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis

B  block folic acid synthesis

C  block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules

D  interfere with elongation of peptidoglycan

E  damage cell membranes

A  Streptococcus, Penicillium

B  Streptomyces, Bacillus, Cephalosporium, Penicillium

C  Streptococcus, Staphylococcus

D  Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Cephalosporium

A  damage to pathogenic organisms

B  damage to nucleic acids

C  damage to prokaryotic cell membranes

D  None of the choices are correct.

E  damage to the target organisms but not host cells

A  True

B  False

A  True

B  False

A  sanitization

B  sterilization.

C  degermation

D  antisepsis

A  High; moist

B  Moist; high

C  Dry; moist

D  Moist; dry

E  High; dry

A  None of the choices are correct

B  death phase point

C  thermal death time (TDT)

D  sporicidal time

E  thermal death point (TDP)

A  virilization

B  decontamination

C  antisepsis

D  disinfection

E  sterilization

A  False

B  True

A  includes tyndallization

B  will sterilize at 121°C for 15 minutes

C  is less efficient than moist heat

D  is used in devices called autoclaves

E  cannot sterilize

A  cell walls

B  cell membranes

C  cytoplasm

D  ribosomes

E  cellular proteins

A  bactericidal

B  None of the choices are correct

C  decontamination

D  sterilization

E  bacteriostatic

A  All of the choices are correct

B  blocking transport into the organism

C  blocking transport out from the organism

D  coating the organism, preventing interaction with its environment

E  disrupting membrane integrity

A  sanitation

B  decontamination

C  antisepsis

D  sterilization

E  disinfection

A  X rays

B  metallic ions

C  moist heat

D  acids

E  alcohol

A  endospores

B  vegetative bacteria and fungi

C  mycobacteria and staphylococci

D  prions

E  protozoan cysts

A  False

B  True

A  True

B  False

A  boiling water

B  pasteurization

C  hydrogen peroxide

D  ultraviolet radiation

E  HEPA filters

A  steam autoclave

B  All of the choices are correct

C  hot water

D  boiling water

E  flash pasteurization

A  True

B  False

A  Germicide

B  Sporicide

C  Bactericide

D  Fungicide

E  Virucide

A  sterilization

B  sanitization

C  antisepsis

D  degermation

E  disinfection

A  reduces the number of endospores

B  reduces the number of vegetative forms

C  increases food nutrient value

D  kills all vegetative forms

E  None of the choices are correct

A  Lysosomes, Proteins

B  Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Lysosomes

C  Cell membrane, Lysosomes

D  Cellular synthesis of DNA and RNA, Cell wall, Cell membrane, Proteins

A  True

B  False

A  thermal death point (TDP)

B  sporicidal time

C  thermal death time (TDT)

D  None of the choices are correct

E  death phase point