Final Exam

A  found that laws against contraceptives were legal.

B  found that laws against contraceptives were legal and ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

C  guaranteed all women access to abortion.

D  ruled that the Court cannot establish a right unless it is specifically mentioned in the Constitution.

E  held that the law violated the right to privacy.

A  Griswold rights.

B  Lemon rights.

C  Miranda rights.

D  First Amendment rights.

E  Eighth Amendment rights.

A  symbolic speech; seen as a misapplication of the principles of free speech

B  contentless speech; protected by the courts

C  symbolic speech; protected by the courts

D  symbolic speech; not protected by the courts

E  contentless speech; not protected by the courts

A  a 2015 executive order.

B  a 2010 Constitutional Amendment.

C  an international treaty on human rights.

D  a 2015 Supreme Court decision.

E  a 2016 Congressional law.

A  expanded the right to vote to women.

B  did away with racial restrictions on voting.

C  set the minimum voting age to eighteen.

D  ended racial segregation in the United States.

E  abolished slavery.

A  Europe; Latin American and Asia

B  Latin America; Eastern Europe

C  China; Mexico and Central America

D  Western Europe; former Soviet states

E  Asia; Latin America

A  all affirmative action programs were unconstitutional.

B  race cannot be the sole factor in admissions decisions.

C  affirmative action programs were allowable in law schools, but not to be utilized in medical schools.

D  quota systems are constitutional.

E  race cannot be considered as a factor at all in making admissions decisions.

A  legislative mandate.

B  civil rights.

C  civil liberties.

D  affirmative action.

E  the Lincoln dilemma.

A  strict scrutiny

B  moderate scrutiny

C  exacting scrutiny

D  rational basis review

E  intermediate scrutiny

A  Dr. King; Malcolm X

B  Rosa Parks; Dr. King

C  Dr. King; Rosa Parks

D  Harriet Tubman; Malcolm X

E  Malcolm X; Dr. King

A  African Americans cannot be refused college admission

B  the national government has no power over local school boards

C  public school segregation of races violates the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment

D  separation of races for educational purposes is constitutional

E  ethnic minorities have no right to equal treatment

A  primary tests.

B  poll tests.

C  literacy tests.

D  registration tests.

E  constitutional exams.

A  all races to participate in elections on an equal basis.

B  whites to exclude African Americans from voting in the general elections.

C  whites to exclude African Americans from voting in Democratic primaries.

D  voters to select ballots for each party based on different skin colors.

E  African Americans the opportunity to vote for the first time.

A  tried to stop the development of legal racial segregation known as Jim Crow laws.

B  stated that schools may not practice any type of racial segregation.

C  ruled that the practice of slavery must cease before the end of the century.

D  agreed that separation of races is not a violation of the Constitution.

E  ruled that African Americans are not persons for the purposes of the Constitution.

A  All of these choices are true.

B  made it illegal to use law or custom to deprive anyone of rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution.

C  implemented the extension of citizenship to anyone born in the United States.

D  were designed to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments.

E  declared that everyone is entitled to full and equal enjoyment of public accommodations.

A  gave women the right to vote.

B  gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote.

C  provided equal protection under the law.

D  stated that the right to vote shall not be abridged on account of race.

E  outlawed slavery.

A  the Nineteenth Amendment.

B  the Fifteenth Amendment.

C  the Thirteenth Amendment.

D  the Fourteenth Amendment.

E  the Declaration of Independence.

A  Gun ownership

B  what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

C  the rights of all Americans provided for in the Fourteenth Amendment and what the government must do to ensure freedom from discrimination.

D  civil liberties such as freedom of religion, speech, or assembly.

E  limitations on what the government may not do to interfere with individual liberties.

A  the separation of powers.

B  the Tenth Amendment.

C  the Eighth Amendment.

D  judicial review.

E  the Fifth Amendment.

A  None of these choices is true.

B  forbids the admission of illegally seized evidence at trial.

C  prohibits the detention of a suspect for more than forty-eight hours without the suspect being charged.

D  is limited to the federal courts.

E  prohibits the arresting officer from serving as a character witness at a hearing or trial.

A  there can be no cruel and unusual punishment.

B  if one cannot afford an attorney, the government must provide one.

C  lawyers only need to be appointed in death penalty cases.

D  search warrants are always needed to gather evidence.

E  a lawyer does not have to be supplied in a state case.

A  commercial speech.

B  defamation by libel.

C  the legality of abortion.

D  the right to die.

E  symbolic speech.

A  it is considered symbolic speech.

B  it is protected by the First Amendment’s freedom of expression (speech).

C  it was outlawed in some states in the 1980s.

D  Congress passed legislation against flag burning that was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

E  a constitutional amendment has been passed outlawing flag burning.

A  it violates the establishment clause for government to compose official prayers.

B  it violates the free exercise clause for government to compose official prayers.

C  it is constitutional for government to sponsor school prayer if it is voluntary.

D  it violates the establishment clause for government to support school vouchers.

E  it violates the free exercise clause for government to support school vouchers.

A  the establishment clause and the general welfare clause

B  the supremacy clause and the free exercise clause

C  the general welfare clause and the supremacy clause

D  the free exercise clause and the general welfare clause

E  the establishment clause and the free exercise clause

A  limited only the power of the national government, not that of the states.

B  contained no language on religion.

C  limited only the power of state governments.

D  protected citizens from the national and state governments, but not from local governments.

E  protected citizens from all forms of government.

A  two years, three years

B  two years; six years

C  two years; four years

D  six years; four years

E  six years; two years

A  successfully run for reelection.

B  choose not to run for reelection.

C  are defeated in general elections.

D  are term limited and cannot run for reelection.

E  are defeated in primary elections.

A  voter turnout increases sharply.

B  incumbents are more likely to lose.

C  the president’s political party will be unaffected unless the president campaigns for congressional candidates.

D  voter turnout falls sharply.

E  the president’s political party will usually gain seats in Congress.

A  incumbency advantage.

B  the coattail effect.

C  reapportionment.

D  gerrymandering.

E  redistricting.

A  ombudsperson; trustee

B  trustee; ombudsperson

C  trustee; instructed delegate

D  instructed delegate; trustee

E  instructed delegate; ombudsperson

A  the House, but not the Senate.

B  the bureaucracy.

C  the Senate, but not the House.

D  the President.

E  Congress.

A  the judiciary.

B  the legislature.

C  the electoral college.

D  the bureaucracy.

E  the chief executive.

A  representatives.

B  trustees.

C  members.

D  delegates.

E  constituents.

A  the separation of powers.

B  multicameralism.

C  unicameralism.

D  cameralism.

E  bicameralism.

A  Donald Trump.

B  Hillary Clinton.

C  Ted Cruz.

D  Scott Walker.

E  Bernie Sanders.

A  socialists.

B  moderates.

C  liberals.

D  conservatives.

E  libertarians.

A  it may boost the chances of a third candidate, and the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

B  the public may think poorly of a candidate who engages in negative advertising.

C  None of these choices is true.

D  the public do not pay attention to negative ads.

E  it may boost the chances of a third candidate.

A  a decline in negative advertising; it is perceived as having little or no effect

B  a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are too costly

C  a decline in negative advertising; it only harms the campaign that “goes negative”

D  a decline in both positive and negative political advertising; they are perceived as ineffective

E  an increase in negative advertising; it is perceived as effective

A  a quick quote.

B  a media frame.

C  a media bite.

D  a sound bite.

E  a sound frame.

A  sex/gender restrictions.

B  property ownership restrictions.

C  citizenship restrictions.

D  racial restrictions.

E  age restrictions.

A  stabilizes; increases

B  increases; decreases

C  stabilizes; decreases

D  increases; increases

E  decreases; increases

A  local elections; Congressional elections

B  state elections; presidential elections

C  local elections; presidential elections

D  primary elections; general elections

E  presidential elections; midterm elections

A  preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

B  preventing vote fraud; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

C  increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among members of the armed forces serving abroad

D  preventing vote fraud; making ID fraud more common

E  increasing turnout; suppressing turnout among minorities and the poor

A  the number of electors equals each state’s number of senators (two) plus its number of representatives.

B  voters elect the president directly.

C  None of these choices is true.

D  All of these choices are true.

E  electors have always voted for the candidate who won their state’s vote.

A  primary election; general election

B  partisan election; primary election

C  general election; primary election

D  primary election; secondary election

E  partisan election; general election

A  can be done on a state by state basis.

B  could be done by an act of Congress.

C  would require a switch to a parliamentary system of government.

D  is impossible.

E  would require a Constitutional Amendment.

A  they become members of the electoral college.

B  their votes are weighted by the number of times they have previously voted.

C  their votes are weighted by their levels of education.

D  they are also voting for all other candidates from the same party.

E  they are voting for a slate of electors pledged to support a particular candidate.

A  swing voter.

B  splinter voter.

C  dealigned voter.

D  independent.

E  split-ticket voter

A  an insurgent candidate who never faded in the polls.

B  an establishment candidate who won due to his advantage in the “invisible primary.”

C  an establishment candidate who led from the beginning.

D  an insurgent candidate who won over the establishment.

E  an establishment candidate who overcame insurgent candidates.

A  debates can undermine the presidential image of an incumbent.

B  debates put challengers and incumbents on equal footing.

C  participation in presidential debates is required of candidates by law.

D  televised debates are believed to have given John Kennedy the edge over Richard Nixon in the close election of 1960.

E  challengers generally have more to gain by debating than do incumbent Presidents.

A  Johnson and Goldwater in 1964.

B  Eisenhower and Stevenson in 1956.

C  Nixon and Humphrey in 1968.

D  Nixon and McGovern in 1972.

E  Kennedy and Nixon in 1960.

A  support both the cultural and economic positions of their party.

B  support the economic positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its cultural positions.

C  choose a party for cultural reasons.

D  support the cultural positions of their party, regardless of how they feel about its economic positions.

E  choose a party for economic reasons.

A  are committees created under federal or state law for the purpose of collecting political donations.

B  collect funds from the candidate and transfer them to the political party.

C  are limited in how much they spend

D  coordinate all expenditures directly with the candidate.

E  are not covered by federal election laws.

A  All of these choices are true.

B  increased the political power of corporations.

C  was opposed by Democrats because it gave corporations some political rights given to individual citizens.

D  was supported by Republicans on the basis of free speech.

E  ruled that corporations, unions, and non-profit organizations may spend freely to support or oppose candidates as long as those expenditures are not coordinated with the candidate campaigns.

A  Democratic candidates.

B  Libertarian candidates

C  Republican candidates.

D  Federalist candidates.

E  Socialist candidates.

A  President Roosevelt’s programs were open to whites and African Americans.

B  Democrats made major interventions in the economy to combat the Great Depression.

C  All of these choices are true.

D  The Great Depression shattered working-class voters’ confidence in the Republican Party.

E  Roosevelt’s coalition of whites and blacks was large enough to establish the Democrats as the majority party.

A  The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Republican economic competence.

B  The Great Depression solidified the Republican Party as the dominant and most trusted party in American government and politics.

C  Republicans held the presidency from the early 1930s until the late 1960s.

D  The Great Depression shattered the working-class belief in Democratic economic competence.

E  Roosevelt’s relief programs were generally not available to African Americans, resulting in African Americans’ antagonism toward the Democratic Party that lasted for decades.

A  legitimate means for interest groups to attempt to gain control of the government.

B  threat to national unity and popular government.

C  necessity for the functioning of democracy.

D  vestige of politics under Great Britain and thus a thing of the past.

E  tradition from colonial times that would always exist.

A  tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

B  is one in which only two parties have a reasonable chance of winning.

C  is one in which control of government is divided between two political parties.

D  is one in which there are only two legal parties and tends to exist mostly in European democracies.

E  is one in which there are only two legal parties.

A  emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution.

B  emerged in the twentieth century.

C  emerged as a consequence of the form of government created by the Constitution and was favored by George Washington.

D  is a requirement in the Constitution.

E  was favored by George Washington.

A  exists when the presidency and Congress are controlled by different parties.

B  is another name for federalism.

C  reflects a situation when a person votes for candidates of two parties for different offices.

D  increases the control of the winning party in an election.

E  is a strong indication of the emergence of a new third party.

A  the formal structure and leadership of a political party.

B  the members of the general public who identify with a political party.

C  all of the elected and appointed officials who identify with a party.

D  the members of the electoral college.

E  the individuals who choose the members of the electoral college.

A  Republican Party

B  Libertarian Party

C  Green Party

D  Democratic Party

E  Federalist Party

A  getting the party’s candidates elected to office by winning elections.

B  peaceably influencing the American public.

C  trying to find the other party doing “bad” things.

D  signing up large numbers of deeply committed members.

E  collecting member dues.

A  political parties do not want to operate the government and interest groups do.

B  political parties want to operate the government and interest groups do not.

C  interest groups select candidates to run for office and political parties do not.

D  individuals must pay dues to a political party but not to an interest group.

E  individuals in a political party agree on all major policy issues.

A  25 percent

B  75 percent

C  10 percent

D  50 percent

E  90 percent

A  a liberal.

B  an independent.

C  a naysayer.

D  a libertarian.

E  a conservative.

A  have switched to the Democratic Party.

B  have defeated many RINOs

C  have dominated leadership positions in Congress.

D  have faced serious challenges in the Republican primary.

E  have most often been the most extremely conservative members of the party.