Exam 2

A  Associations of semantic memories

B  Schemas regarding dynamic systems which vary on degree of completeness and correctness

C  Analogous to the visuospatial sketchpad representing spatial information

D  Use of modeling clay to construct an anatomical model

E  Knowledge structure regarding concepts and sequence of activities

A  Utilizing knowledge-in-the-world

B  Writing the memory down so that it becomes Knowledge in the World

C  Recalling a memory in quick succession

D  Lifting heavy memories to build up strength

E  Waiting until a memory is almost forgotten, then recalling it

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Disassociations

B  Superiority of letters over numbers

C  Pulsing of Long-term memories

D  Alpha-numeric bias

E  Cognitive dissonance

A  Is a subtype of declarative memory

B  Easy to put into words (e.g., the route you took to work)

C  Develops from a singular event, usually visual in nature

D  Very hard to explain using words (e.g., how to tie a shoe)

E  Relies on intuition instead of practice

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Repetition during new contexts and immediate rewards

B  Delayed rewards and selective attention

C  Delayed rewards and repetition during new contexts

D  Repetition during similar contexts and immediate rewards

A  TRUE

B  FALSE

A  Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods

B  Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to disassociations, and harder to crack due to dictionary attack methods

C  Pass-phrases are easier to remember due to associations, and harder to crack due to higher character counts

D  Pass-phrases are harder to remember due to associations, and easier to crack due to higher character counts

A  Utilize spaced practice

B  Defer to knowledge in the universe

C  Ask a friend for answers

D  Re-read each chapter

E  Use mass practice

A  Negative transfer

B  Short-term memory

C  Phonological loop

D  Long-term memory

E  Visuospatial sketchpad

A  Spaced Practice, Mass practice, and Intuition

B  STM, LTM, and ATM

C  Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World

D  Strength, Associations, and Endurance

E  Semantic, Episodic, and Procedural

A  X, Y, and Z axis

B  Sensation, Perception, Central Processing

C  STM, LTM, and working memory

D  Larry, Curly, and Moe

E  Bandwidth, Familiarity, and Knowledge in the World

A  Improved contrast ratio of warning label text

B  Use of a universal container connector

C  More availability of safety gloves

D  Use of red coloring added to the soap solution

E  Locks added to cabinets near the sink

A  Objects can be hidden in plane site due to selective attention

B  Inattentioal blindness is more prevalent with visually impaired users

C  Change blindness occurs only when we are tired

D  Cognitive bandwidth is limitless

E  Gorillas can move very fast

A  Heads-up displays cannot be used while wearing polarized sunglasses

B  Touch screen displays have superseded the need for heads-up displays

C  The heads-up display requires looking down towards the instrument cluster

D  Heads-up displays are only offered in fighter jets

E  When a driver’s eyes are on the road, it doesn’t mean their mind is also on the road

A  Salience and Effort

B  Expectancy and Value

C  Short-term memory and Long-term memory

D  Id and Ego

E  Visuospatial sketchpad and Phonological loop

A  36 6GRK

B  366GRK

C  3G66RK

D  3G 66RK

E  366 GRK

A  7 seconds

B  70 seconds

C  7 days

D  70 minutes

E  7 hours

A  +/- 2 chunks

B  7 +/- 2 chipmunks

C  4 chipmunks

D  4 chunks

E  7 +/- 2 chunks

A  Mismatch between visual cues and felt motion

B  Sound levels that exceed the user’s expectations

C  Use of headphones instead of ear-buds

D  Low quality video feeds causing eye strain

E  Use of Dramamine

A  Gravity

B  Temperature

C  Haptics

D  Vesting

E  Smell

A  Situations involving hands-free operation

B  During high visual load

C  When gloved hands are necessary

D  For tactile response personnel

E  Alerts for use in high vibration environments

A  Gloves might reduce a user’s likelihood of using a button

B  Controls can not be designed for use by a gloved hand

C  Gloves have a tendency to inhibit hand-eye-coordination

D  Gloves can reduce felt tactile feedback

E  Gloves can be made of latex, which can result in an allergic reaction

F  Gloves are always optional

A  FALSE

B  TRUE

A  Avoiding slang vocabulary, Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise

B  Avoiding slang vocabulary only

C  Limiting the number of messages, and Designing loudness to be at least 20 decibels over ambient noise only

D  Using rhyming words

A  When omni-directional (360 degree) situational awareness is required since vision is limited to 130 degrees

B  For musically inclined individuals

C  When there are high levels of ambient noise, such as busy road intersections

D  When there are fast moving objects requiring more saccadic eye movements

E  When color vision is impaired as opposed to monochromatic vision

A  The human vestibular system picks up haptic cues from the flight controls

B  The human vestibular system is dominant over vision during clear skies

C  The human vestibular system has been shown to be more accurate than aircraft instruments

D  The human vestibular system is not tuned for un-natural environments resulting in false sensations

E  The human vestibular system is more accurate than instruments only in white out conditions

A  10 decibels louder, since this level represents double the perceived loudness

B  10 decibels louder, since the sound scale is logarithmic

C  3 decibels louder, since this level represents double the acoustic energy

D  3 decibels louder, since this level represents the JND (just noticeable difference)

E  30 decibels louder, since this level guarantees detection

A  The dB(A) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities

B  The Hz weighting scale, since it measures cycles per second

C  The dB(C) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities

D  The audiogram scale, since it replicates spatial tones

E  The dB(B) weighting scale, since it approximates human hearing sensitivities

A  High frequencies tend to be lost as we age

B  Low frequencies tend to be lost as we age

C  Presbyopia

D  Macular degeneration

E  Both high and low frequency sensitivity increase with age

A  Ultra-sonic frequencies

B  20 to 20,000 Hz

C  Sub-sonic frequencies

D  20 kilowatts

E  2,000 to 5,000 Hz

A  Test taker performance has shown to be better using red ink

B  There has been no research conducted on the effects of color and test performance

C  Test taker performance has shown to be better using green ink

D  Color has no impact on test taker performance

A  Exposure to varying colors of light color has no relationship with circadian rhythms

B  Avoid redundant color cues at night

C  Maximize use of ultraviolet light at night

D  Minimize use of blue light at night

E  Use infrared light to keep surfaces warm

A  7.0 to 1

B  3.0 to 1

C  1 to 1

D  4.5 to 1

E  0 to 1

F  10 to 1

A  0.7 degrees

B  0.7 feet

C  0.7 inches

D  0.7 lux

E  0.7 millimeters

F  Bond rule does not allow you to compute letter height

A  Use more closely spaced stripes as the biker approaches the hazard

B  Use Zebra stripes to conceal outlines during motion

C  Use fiber optics instead of traditional paint to improve saliency

D  Use stripes that vary in shape to allow them to be more readily detected

E  Use different colors to indicate the presence of a hazard ahead

A  Color should never be the only design cue

B  Color improves the user experience

C  Color is reserved for graphic designers

D  Color is always better than grayscale

E  Color is critical for scotopic vision

A  Green light since it allows for detection for a larger variety of shades

B  It does not matter since Human Factors does not consider the effects of lighting  

C  Red light since it causes less interference to dark adaptation

D  Red light since it is most visually salient

E  Green light since it is associated with moving forward

A  10 lux

B  0.1 lux

C  1 lux

D  All lux levels

E  100 lux

F  0.01 lux

A  30

B  1

C  10

D  5

E  3

A  Operates on very low light levels

B  Contains 3 types of rod cells (red/green/blue)

C  Responsible for sensing ultrasonic frequencies

D  Responsible for color vision

E  Responsible for proprioception

A  Objects appear smaller due to bottom-up bias

B  Visual acuity remains unchanged, only color perception is affected

C  Objects appear larger due to top-down bias

D  Visual acuity decreases closer to the fovea

E  Visual acuity increases closer to the fovea

A  There tends to be no difference between vision of younger and older individuals

B  Older individuals tend to have presbyopia, reducing the ability to focus on objects closer than 1 meter

C  Younger individuals have more practice looking at nearby objects due to technology exposure

D  Older individuals need to squint more often due to reduced tear production