Exam 2

A  Decreased heart rate

B  Dehydration

C  Decreased airway dilation

D  Decreased oxygen delivery to the brain

E  Metabolic acidosis

A  Increased gluconeogenesis

B  Increased glycogenesis

C  Increased breakdown of proteins

D  Increased lipolysis

E  Increased digestive activities

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Amine hormones

C  Nitric oxide

D  Peptide hormones

E  Steroids

A  Thyroid hormones

B  Glucagon

C  Insulin

D  Calcitonin

E  Somatostatin

A  synergistic effect.

B  circulating effect.

C  permissive effect.

D  antagonistic effect.

E  local effect.

A  Regulates metabolism

B  Produces electrolytes

C  Controls growth and development

D  Regulates chemical composition and volume of the internal environment

A  5

B  12

C  10

D  unlimited

E  7

A  local hormone.

B  paracrine.

C  circulating hormone.

D  autocrine.

A  Calcitonin is the primary regulator of Ca2+ needed for contraction.

B  Thyroid hormone decreases muscle mass.

C  Epinephrine helps increase blood flow to exercising muscle.

D  ADH promotes water loss.

E  Erythropoietin blocks formation of erythrocytes.

A  Melatonin-stimulating hormone and oxytocin

B  Follicle-stimulating hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone

C  Prolactin and growth hormone

D  Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

E  Prolactin and ACTH

A  Thyrotropin

B  Prolactin

C  Luteinizing hormone

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Melanocyte stimulating hormone

A  Prolactin

B  Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

C  Leutinizing hormone

D  Insulin-like growth factors

E  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A  The peripheral nervous system

B  Muscle contraction

C  Action potentials from the thalamus

D  Hormones released from the hypothalamus

E  Chemical changes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A  Protein and fat breakdown

B  Glucose formation

C  Reduction of inflammation

D  Depression of immune responses

E  Increased production of all types of blood cells

A  Chloride

B  Calcium

C  Sodium

D  Manganese

E  Potassium

A  Thyrotrophs

B  Gonadotrophs

C  Corticotrophs

D  Somatotrophs

E  Lactotrophs

A  Thyrotropin

B  Growth hormone

C  Prolactin

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Luteinizing hormone

A  Iodination of tyrosine

B  Synthesis of calcitonin

C  Coupling of T1 and T2

D  Oxidation of iodide

E  Iodide trapping

A  Chemical changes in the blood

B  Mechanical stretching of the endocrine cell

C  Releasing hormones.

D  Both Signals from the nervous system and Chemical changes in the blood

E  Signals from the nervous system

A  Glycogenesis

B  Gluconeogenesis

C  Epinephrine release

D  Calcitonin downregulation

E  Glycogenolysis

A  Chromatin

B  Plasma proteins

C  Calcium

D  Cyclic AMP

E  Messenger RNA

A  Parasympathetic

B  Somatic

C  Central

D  Sensory

E  Sympathetic

A  Receptor recognition

B  Down-regulation

C  Up-regulation

D  Sensory adaptation

E  Paracrine regulation

A  Glucose formation

B  Protein and fat breakdown

C  Depression of immune responses

D  Increased production of all types of blood cells

E  Reduction of inflammation

A  Calcitonin

B  Human growth hormone

C  Testosterone

D  Oxytocin

E  All of these options are prime examples

A  Follicle stimulating hormone and estrogen

B  Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

C  All of these are synergistic pairs

D  Human Growth Hormone and testosterone

E  Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A  Photoreceptors

B  All of these receptors regenerate after cell death

C  Gustatory receptors

D  Gustatory and Olfactory receptors

E  Olfactory receptors

A  Activate second-messenger systems within their target cells

B  Bind with receptors located on the cell membrane

C  All of these are correct answers

D  include steroids and thyroid hormone

A  Follicle stimulating hormone

B  Corticotropin releasing hormone

C  Thyroid stimulating hormone

D  Luteinizing hormone

E  Growth hormone

A  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then stimulates hormone A

B  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

C  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone C

D  Hormone A inhibits hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

E  Hormone A stimulates hormone B; hormone B then inhibits hormone A

A  Insulin

B  Thyroid hormone

C  Glucagon

D  Adrenocorticotropic hormone

E  Calcitonin

A  is all of these choices

B  provides more accurate color vision.

C  gives better depth perception.

D  occurs when one eye focuses on two separate objects.

E  is only seen in humans.

A  only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.

B  only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.

C  throughout the nasal cavity.

D  only in the mid-nasal ridges.

E  from the vestibule to the pharynx.

A  does not occur.

B  occurs slowly.

C  increases sensitivity to that odorant.

D  enhances gustation.

E  occurs rapidly.

A  pain.

B  temperature.

C  pressure.

D  itch.

E  tickle.

A  to sense changes in muscle length.

B  to sense muscle fatigue.

C  to sense referred pain.

D  to perceive cutaneous sensations.

A  color vision.

B  pain.

C  visual acuity.

D  body position.

E  body temperature.

A  Fast pain

B  Visceral pain

C  Sympathetic pain

D  Referred pain

E  Slow pain

A  The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.

B  The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.

C  The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.

D  No changes in the membrane potential occur.

E  A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.

A  conducts impulses directly to the thalamus.

B  projects directly to the primary olfactory cortex and to the limbic system and hypothalamus.

C  contains only motor neurons.

D  receives information from the taste buds.

A  activation of amacrine cells.

B  absorption of light by photopigments.

C  absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.

D  generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

A  adaptation.

B  perception.

C  selectivity.

D  modality

E  transduction.

A  osmoreceptor

B  mechanoreceptor

C  chemoreceptor

D  thermoreceptor

E  photoreceptor

A  maculae of the vestibule

B  cochlea

C  organ of Corti

D  vestibulocochlear nerve

E  semicircular canals

A  None of the answers selections are correct

B  Proprioceptors

C  Nociceptors

D  Interoceptors

E  Exteroreceptors

A  proprioceptors.

B  thermoreceptors.

C  Pacinian corpuscles.

D  nociceptors.

E  exteroreceptors.

A  tympanic membrane

B  organ of Corti

C  cochlea

D  pinna

E  vestibulocochlear nerve

A  Thousands

B  One

C  Hundreds

D  Dozens

E  None

A  All of the options listed are correct

B  Proprioceptors are also embedded in muscles and tendons

C  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to determine position of body structures relative to each other.

D  Proprioceptive sensations allow us to estimate the weight of certain objects.

E  Proprioceptive sensations include static and dynamic equilibrium.

A  Medulla oblongata

B  Midbrain

C  Cerebral cortex

D  Spinal cord

E  Thalamus

A  Requires an adequate level of stimulus

B  Stems from generation of receptor potentials

C  Is called transduction

D  All of the options are correct

A  Generation of nerve impulse

B  Sensory Reception

C  Integration of sensory input

D  Implementation of a motor response

E  Stimulus transduction

A  Thermoreceptors

B  Baroreceptors

C  Proprioreceptors

D  Mechanoreceptors

E  Chemoreceptors

A  Bases

B  Sugars

C  Acids

D  Alkaloids

E  Salts

A  Thalamus

B  Spinal cord

C  Midbrain

D  Cerebral cortex

E  Medulla oblongata

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Skin surface

B  Organs

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Organs

B  Skin surface

C  Inner ear / Vestibular apparatus

A  Salt

B  Bitter

C  Sour

D  Sweet

E  Umami

A  Spinocerebellar

B  Spinothalamic

C  Corticospinal

A  Nociceptor – solute concentration

B  Chemoreceptor – oxygen concentration

C  Mechanoreceptor – skeletal muscle stretch

D  Thermoreceptor – heat and cold

E  Photoreceptor – light

A  norepinephrine and acetylcholine.

B  muscarine and acetylcholine.

C  somatostatin and nicotine.

D  norepinephrine and muscarine.

E  nicotine and adrenaline.

A  Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

B  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

C  Somatosensory neurons.

D  Somatic motor neurons

E  Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

A  dorsal rami

B  superior sacral ganglion

C  rami communicantes

D  ventral rami

A  Sympathetic preganglionic neurons

B  Both sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

C  Somatic motorneurons

D  Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons

E  Sympathetic postganglionic neurons

A  Forms gap junctions with postganglionic neurons in autonomic ganglia.

B  Has myelinated axons.

C  Has axons that exit the CNS in a cranial or spinal nerve.

D  Has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

E  Forms the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

A  Somatostatic and nicotinic receptors

B  Nicotinic and muscarinic receptors

C  Muscarinic and somatic receptors

D  Nicotinic and adrenergic receptors

E  Adrenergic and somatic receptors

A  Thoracolumbar output

B  Short preganglionic neurons

C  Ganglia primarily found in the head

D  Stimulates sweat glands

A  Parasympathetic

B  Somatic nervous system

C  Autonomic ganglia

D  Sympathetic

E  Craniosacral division

A  has its axons exiting the CNS through cranial nerves.

B  carries information into the sympathetic chain ganglia.

C  is the first part of an autonomic motor pathway.

D  releases neurotransmitter that binds to the effector cell.

E  has its cell body in the brain or spinal cord.

A  Long preganglionic neurons

B  Synapses with sweat glands in skin

C  Sacral spinal cord output

D  Ganglia found near visceral effectors/targets

A  receptor – motor neuron – integrating center – sensory neuron – effector

B  receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector – integrating center

C  receptor – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – effector

D  integrating center – receptor – sensory neuron – motor neuron – effector

E  effector – sensory neuron – integrating center – motor neuron – receptor

A  Decreased blood flow to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract

B  Airway constriction

C  Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, liver and fat

D  Increased blood glucose level

E  Increased heart rate

A  Elevated heart rate

B  All of these options are immediate sympathetic responses

C  Elevated blood pressure

D  Pupil dilation

E  High levels of cortisol

A  striated muscles; smooth muscle and glands

B  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle only

C  skeletal muscles; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

D  skeletal muscles and glands; smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

E  glands; skeletal muscles, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

A  Posture

B  Coordination

C  Balance

D  Emotion

E  All of the following are functions of the spinocerebellar pathway

A  Both sensation and voluntary movement

B  Intelligence

C  Sensation

D  Blood

E  Voluntary movement

A  Quadriceps, opposite leg of stimulus

B  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the opposite leg

C  Quadriceps and Hamstring of the same leg

D  Quadriceps, same leg as stimulus

E  Hamstring, same leg as stimulus

F  Hamstring, opposite leg of stimulus

A  Skeletal muscle

B  Endocrine glands

C  Smooth muscle

D  Exocrine glands

E  Cardiac muscle

A  decreasing activity in the effector

B  increasing the size of the action potential between neurons

C  All of these options are correct

D  increasing activity in the effector

A  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

D  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

A  Contraction of both agonist and antagonist muscles

B  Contraction of the antagonist muscle and relaxation of agonist muscle

C  Contraction of the agonist muscle and relaxation of the antagonist muscle

D  Relaxation of both agonist and antagonist muscles

A  Integration center

B  Sensory neuron

C  Sensory receptor

D  Motor neuron

E  Effector

A  Blinking

B  Stretch

C  Flexor

D  Withdrawal

E  Visceral

A  Persists for a long time

B  Impulses carried along myelinated fibers

C  Poorly localized

D  Propagate along small-diameter fibers